人的記憶力會(huì)隨著歲月的流逝而衰退，寫(xiě)作可以彌補(bǔ)記憶的不足，將曾經(jīng)的人生經(jīng)歷和感悟記錄下來(lái)，也便于保存一份美好的回憶。范文書(shū)寫(xiě)有哪些要求呢？我們?cè)鯓硬拍軐?xiě)好一篇范文呢？下面我給大家整理了一些優(yōu)秀范文，希望能夠幫助到大家，我們一起來(lái)看一看吧。
北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書(shū)篇一
王 瑛
英譯漢部分要求翻譯單句, 而不是段落或篇章?？忌紫纫x懂句子,了解句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、使用的固定詞組、習(xí)慣用法及詞與詞之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系, 然后, 再正確分析原文的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象和邏輯關(guān)系,進(jìn)行透徹的理解, 最后, 力圖用簡(jiǎn)潔明了的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻譯技巧。
一、翻譯技巧一
一般的英譯漢考題不會(huì)只是簡(jiǎn)單句。我們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí), 首先要從語(yǔ)法入手, 找尋和確定句子大的框架結(jié)構(gòu), 通過(guò)分析把句中的從句和插入部分先排除掉, 明確句子結(jié)構(gòu)有助于我們正確理解整句話(huà)的意思。
(一)重點(diǎn)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)
其實(shí), 就英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)而言, 是有規(guī)律可循的。除去省略句、倒裝句、感嘆句和
一些特殊句子外, 英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為三類(lèi): be句型: 主語(yǔ) + be + 表語(yǔ)
miss jones is a manager.瓊斯小姐是位經(jīng)理。
do句型: 主語(yǔ) + do +(賓語(yǔ))+(狀語(yǔ))he teaches english in this school.他在這所學(xué)校教英語(yǔ)。
be句型: there be + 主語(yǔ) + 狀語(yǔ)
there are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美麗的野花。
(二)確定語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象和慣用結(jié)構(gòu)
英譯漢考題中常見(jiàn)的重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法有: 時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句等?？忌浅Ｊ煜み@些語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象, 才不至于對(duì)句子產(chǎn)生誤解。例如:
? anyone who is interested in it can go with us.對(duì)這事感興趣的人可以跟我們?nèi)ァ?who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾主語(yǔ)anyone)? the problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天會(huì)上討論過(guò)的那個(gè)問(wèn)題非常重要。(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)the problem)? you could have done better if you had been more careful.要是細(xì)心一點(diǎn)的話(huà)，你就會(huì)做得更好。(if 引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件狀語(yǔ)從句)? hardly had i said that when she entered the room.我剛說(shuō)完，她就進(jìn)來(lái)了。(倒裝句, 否定詞hardly位于句首, 助動(dòng)詞had 放在主語(yǔ)i之前)? it was not until last night that i noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到這件事。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句: it was not until+強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that句子其余成分)? the books were either works on travel or detective novels.這些書(shū)要么是關(guān)于旅行的, 要么就是偵探小說(shuō)。(連接詞either? or?連接兩個(gè)表語(yǔ))(三)熟悉固定搭配詞組和習(xí)慣用法
英譯漢考題中還常常會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的考點(diǎn) – 固定搭配的詞組和習(xí)慣表達(dá)法, 旨在考查考生對(duì)詞匯的掌握和運(yùn)用情況。考生在理解這些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)時(shí)會(huì)感到很困難, 這是因?yàn)閱螐慕M成某個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的詞的字面意思上來(lái)理解其含義, 往往會(huì)出偏差, 必將影響到對(duì)整個(gè)句子的理解。例如:
? they came up with a cure for the disease at last.他們最終發(fā)現(xiàn)了治療這種疾病的方法(短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,意為“提出;發(fā)現(xiàn)”)
? the news got around by word of mouth.這一消息通過(guò)人們的口傳播開(kāi)來(lái)。(介詞短語(yǔ),意為“口頭流傳”)
? it’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看, 用真皮更便宜。(介詞短語(yǔ),意為“從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看”)
? i’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他們?cè)覆辉敢饴?tīng), 我要告訴他們真相。(形容詞短語(yǔ),意為 “不管...”)
? punishment had very little effect on him.懲罰對(duì)他沒(méi)有什么效果。(名詞短語(yǔ),意為“對(duì)?起作用”)
(四)熟練掌握過(guò)渡連接詞
過(guò)渡連接詞是使上下文的連接自然、緊湊的有效方法，使文章整體具有結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性和意義上的連貫性。因此,熟練掌握過(guò)渡連接詞能充分把握住原文的意圖和出題思路。過(guò)渡連接詞按語(yǔ)義劃分為以下最常見(jiàn)的幾種類(lèi)型
表示增補(bǔ): and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore ?
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence ?
表示轉(zhuǎn)折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact ?
表示列舉: firstly, secondly, for one thing?for another, to begin with, then, last ?
表示解釋: for example, for instance, that is, namely ? 表示總結(jié): in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole ?
例如:
? the railroad connects two cities, namely, new york and chicago.這鐵路聯(lián)接兩個(gè)城市, 即紐約和芝加哥。(表示解釋)? she was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她雖然很疲倦, 然而她卻繼續(xù)工作。(表示轉(zhuǎn)折)? he said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他說(shuō)他找不到它, 而且也沒(méi)有人會(huì)找到它。(表示增補(bǔ))? he was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示結(jié)果)他病了, 所以未能來(lái)。
二、翻譯技巧二
每一種語(yǔ)言，在詞意的運(yùn)用，語(yǔ)句的鋪排、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)方面，都有其獨(dú)特的方式，而每一詞每一字所承載的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英譯漢的表達(dá)方式總體上可以分成兩大類(lèi):
（一）直譯法：
一般來(lái)說(shuō), 在語(yǔ)言條件許可的情況下, 應(yīng)該盡可能地用直譯, 使譯文既能保持原文的內(nèi)容, 又能保持原文的形式和風(fēng)格。例如:
o all roads lead to roma.條條大路通羅馬。
o the soldier was as brave as a lion.那個(gè)士兵像獅子一樣勇敢。
o my brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作崗位上如魚(yú)得水。
o it is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他這個(gè)人一向?qū)θ耸茄┲兴吞浚瑥膩?lái)不是錦上添花。
（二）意譯法: 為使譯文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息，當(dāng)翻譯中遇到兩種文化有差異，用直譯無(wú)法使譯文傳達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的信息時(shí)，就要在母語(yǔ)中尋找與其對(duì)應(yīng)的表達(dá)方式，利用各種必要的轉(zhuǎn)換手段進(jìn)行意譯。例如: ? he is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他窮困, 潦倒，好像過(guò)著牛馬一樣的生活。（轉(zhuǎn)譯法-a dog’s life轉(zhuǎn)換詞義）
? he behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采訪者問(wèn)題時(shí), 很有禮貌。(省略法–behaved 一詞不譯出)? he is a stranger to the company’s business.他對(duì)于該公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)是陌生的。(轉(zhuǎn)換法–stranger 名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞)? all preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做試驗(yàn)之前, 一切準(zhǔn)備工作都必須做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)
? each country has its own customs.各國(guó)有各國(guó)的風(fēng)俗.(重復(fù)法-each country重復(fù)使用“各國(guó)”)
北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書(shū)篇二
1． australia is a land of exceptional is the world's smallest continent and largest island, and a relatively young nation established in an ancient land.a series of geological and historical accidents has made australia one of the world's most attractive counties from the tourist's country has a land area of 7,686, 850 square kilometers and its coastline is 36,735 kilometers.// the vast movements of the earth's crust created a vast land of australia, isolated it and positioned it across the tropical and temperate climatic land has a small population, which left enormous areas you witness an astonishing variety of environments, from desert to rain forest, tropical beach to white snowfield, from big, sophisticated cities to vast uninhabited areas.//
澳大利亞是一個(gè)異常美麗的國(guó)家。這是世界最小的洲，也是最大的島，是在古老的土地上建立起來(lái)的較為年輕的國(guó)家。地質(zhì)史上，這塊土地的地貌形態(tài)發(fā)生了一系列變化，澳大利亞在旅游者眼中成了世界上最吸引人的國(guó)家之一。這個(gè)國(guó)家的陸地面積為7686850平方公里，海岸線長(zhǎng)達(dá)36735公里。//地殼的劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)使澳大利亞成了幅員遼闊，與大陸分離，地處溫、熱帶地區(qū)的國(guó)家。由于澳大利亞可以觀賞到各種地形風(fēng)貌，從沙漠到熱帶雨林，從地處熱帶的海灘到白雪皚皚的田野，從撲朔迷離的大都市到人跡罕到的曠野，景觀各異，令人嘆為觀止。//
is always a pleasure to be among the best and the brightest in an atmosphere of university setting is the best incubator that exists for the inception and sharing of agenda you’ve set forth here for the next two-and-a-half days is one that goes to the heart of what is exciting and important to business and industry today.i’ve been asked to share my thoughts with you today about moving from ―me‖ thinking to ―we‖ view is simple: inspaniduals add;team players multiply.// tsinghua undergrads are fortunate in that more and more your university is encouraging teamwork in your case work, stimulating the transition from ―me‖ to ―we‖.at wilson, we, too, are making great strides in breaking down the psychological and organizational barriers that result from ―me‖ though we have more yet to do, we have been reaping exciting rewards by effectively using work teams to reengineer processes to gain improvements in costs, quality and response times.//
在學(xué)術(shù)氣氛中置身于最優(yōu)秀、最聰明的人士中間總是一件令人愉快的事。大學(xué)是思想涌現(xiàn)和交流的孵化器。你們所制定的兩天半的議程將探討的問(wèn)題對(duì)今天工商業(yè)界來(lái)說(shuō)是一些既令人興奮又有重要意義的核心問(wèn)題。今天我應(yīng)邀向各位交流一下我對(duì)由―我‖思維轉(zhuǎn)為―我們‖思維的看法。我的觀點(diǎn)很簡(jiǎn)單，我認(rèn)為個(gè)人做的是加法，而集體做的是乘法。//清華大學(xué)的學(xué)生很幸運(yùn)，因?yàn)橘F校越來(lái)越提倡學(xué)生在案例學(xué)習(xí)中開(kāi)展集體活動(dòng)，促使―我‖思維模式向―我們‖思維模式的轉(zhuǎn)變。我們威爾遜公司也正在努力打破那些由―我‖思維帶來(lái)的心理障礙和組織障礙。雖然我們還有許多事要做，但是由于我們?cè)谡{(diào)整營(yíng)運(yùn)過(guò)程中有效地發(fā)揮了團(tuán)隊(duì)的作用，我們已經(jīng)在降低生產(chǎn)成本、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、縮短反應(yīng)時(shí)間等方 面收到了令人鼓舞的成效。/ is one of the world’s great centers for classical and popular has enjoyed a reputation for superb theater since the time of shakespeare in the 16th variety ranges from the majestic royal national theatre to the lavish royal opera sheer number of symphony orchestras is impressive and includes the london symphony orchestra, the royal philharmonic orchestra and the english chamber orchestra.// some of the most well-known concert halls in the world, such as the royal festival hall, provide favorable venues for the cornucopia of performances in itself is a living museum, with more than 2,000 years of history and it also boasts one of the greatest concentrations of significant museums(more than 100)of any city in the jewel in this cultural crown is the british museum, with 4 kilometers of galleries and more than 4 million exhibits.// 倫敦是世界上古典文化和通俗文化的大中心之一。自16世紀(jì)莎士比亞時(shí)代起倫敦一直享有擁有一流劇院的美譽(yù)，如宏偉的皇家國(guó)家劇院和豪華的皇家歌劇院。倫敦?fù)碛袛?shù)量眾多的交響樂(lè)園，如倫敦交響樂(lè)團(tuán)、皇家愛(ài)樂(lè)樂(lè)團(tuán)和英格蘭室內(nèi)樂(lè)園。//倫敦有一些世界上最負(fù)盛名的音樂(lè)廳，如皇家節(jié)日廳，為倫敦各類(lèi)音樂(lè)演出提供了良好的場(chǎng)所。雖然有著2000年歷史和文化的倫敦自身就是一座活生生的博物館，它卻集中了一個(gè)寵大的博物館群，數(shù)量超過(guò)100個(gè)，為世界其他城市所少見(jiàn)。大英博物館鑲刻在這頂文化 皇冠上的一顆寶石，擁有 4 公里長(zhǎng)的展廊和 400 萬(wàn)余件展品。
ver is predominantly a service the 1960s, employment in finance, insurance, and real-estate-related activities has tripled, that in accommodation and food services has quadrupled, that in health and welfare services has quintupled, and that in services for business has increased ment in primary and secondary industries has declined relative to population.// the majority of vancouver's historic buildings are in the gastown and chinatown sections of the city have undergone considerable change since 1960, when downtown high-rise office buildings and hotels were creek – a decaying industrial area with sawmills, rail yards, and small shops--was transformed into a residential development n, the original heart of the city, was restored in the 1880s style with antique stores and boutiques.//
服務(wù)業(yè)是溫哥華的主要行業(yè)。自20世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái)，金融、保險(xiǎn)以及房地產(chǎn)相關(guān)行業(yè)的從業(yè)人員增至3倍，旅館餐飲服務(wù)業(yè)的從業(yè)人員增至4倍，衛(wèi)生福利服務(wù)業(yè)的從業(yè)人員增至5倍，商業(yè)服務(wù)的從業(yè)人員增至8倍。第一和第二產(chǎn)業(yè)的從業(yè)人員的比率下降了。//溫哥華的歷史建筑大多坐落在蓋斯敦和中國(guó)城地區(qū)。自1960年以來(lái)，溫哥華的老城區(qū)發(fā)生了相當(dāng)大的變化，市中心的摩天辦公樓和旅館拔地而起。法爾斯河這個(gè)鋸木廠、鐵路調(diào)車(chē)場(chǎng)、小店鋪充斥其間的日漸衰敗的工業(yè)區(qū)，已被改造為住宅發(fā)展區(qū)。舊城的市中心蓋斯敦 區(qū)已重新恢復(fù)了 1880 年代的風(fēng)格，古玩店和時(shí)裝禮品店四處可見(jiàn)。
plunging water has worn away the lower rocks so that there are caves behind the sheets of water of both eers may enter the cave of the winds at the foot of the american falls and get an unusual canadian falls has carved a plunge basin 59 meters the united states and canadian governments have built parks, viewing platforms, paths, and highways.// the niagara reservation state park was established in 1885 and is new york's oldest state includes an observation tower, elevators that descend into the gorge at the base of the american falls, and boat trips into the waters at the base of the horseshoe night colored lights illuminate the falls and create a charming spectacle which viewers find hard to turn away park area has long been a tourist site and a favorite spot for couples to spend their honeymoons.//
飛瀉直下的河水沖蝕著下面的巖石，久而久之，兩大瀑布的水簾之后便出現(xiàn)了洞穴。游客可以進(jìn)入位于美國(guó)瀑布谷底旁的―風(fēng)穴‖，觀賞穴內(nèi)奇景，可一飽眼福。加拿大瀑布長(zhǎng)年累月的沖蝕，在其谷底造就成一個(gè) 59 米深的盆池。美加兩國(guó)政府分別為尼亞加拉瀑布建造了公園、觀賞臺(tái)、步行路徑和高速公路。//尼亞加拉保護(hù)區(qū)州轄公園于 1885年建立，是紐約州年代最久的州轄公園。公園里聳立著一座觀察塔，游人乘電梯直下，可來(lái)到美國(guó)瀑布底部的峽谷地帶。游客還可以乘坐游艇駛?cè)腭R蹄瀑布谷底的水域。夜幕降臨后，瀑布在五色斑斕的燈光的照耀下，顯得風(fēng)情萬(wàn)種，嫵媚無(wú)比，令人流連忘返。多年來(lái)，尼亞加拉瀑布公園一直是游人駐足之勝地，鴛侶蜜月之佳所。
zealand is a south pacific country located midway between the equator and the south within the south temperate zone, new zealand has an oceanic climate, without extremes of heat or parts of the country enjoy ample sunshine and rainfall, although the weather is rather s are the reverse of the northern hemisphere, with temperatures generally higher in the north of the country, which experiences sub-tropical warmth in brings extensive snowfalls in the southern alps.// new zealand is an active trading nation, linked to its principal trade partners by regular sea and air country is one of the world’ s largest exporters of wool, and the largest single-country exporter of dairy products(notably butter, cheese and milk powder), lamb and major exports and timber products, fish and horticultural is one of new zealand’s principal trade two countries have experienced increasing exchanges in many areas in recent years, including the frequent exchanges in cultural, educational and public health fields.//
新西蘭是一個(gè)南太平洋國(guó)家，位于赤道和南極洲之間。新西蘭地處南溫帶，屬海洋性氣候，沒(méi)有嚴(yán)冬和酷署。盡管氣候變化較大，但全國(guó)大部分地區(qū)陽(yáng)光充足，雨量充沛。新西蘭的季節(jié)與北半球相反，北部的氣溫一般較高，夏季有著亞熱帶地區(qū)的溫暖。冬季到來(lái)時(shí)，南阿爾卑斯山脈為大雪所覆蓋。//新西蘭是一個(gè)活躍的貿(mào)易國(guó)，通過(guò)定期海上和空中運(yùn)輸服務(wù)與主要的貿(mào)易伙伴保持聯(lián)系。新西蘭是世界上最大的羊毛出口國(guó)之一，也是單個(gè)出口乳制品（尤其是黃油、奶酪和奶粉）、羊羔內(nèi)和羊肉最多的國(guó)家。其他主要出口產(chǎn)品有木材、木器、水產(chǎn)和園藝品。中國(guó)新 西蘭的主要貿(mào)易伙伴國(guó)之一，兩國(guó)在許多領(lǐng)域里的交往，包括文化、教育和衛(wèi)生方面的交流，近年來(lái)有增無(wú)減。/
sydney opera house is the mother and father of all modern landmark gh its architect was forced to resign and it was never properly finished inside, the opera house has come to define not only a city, but also an entire nation and sydney opera house was meant to look like a giant sailing you may bring whatever interpretation you would to it.// since its opening in 1973, the sydney opera house has been host to many of the most memorable, world-class artistic r, as time goes by, modifications are required to meet the needs and technology of the day, without, of course, losing its architectural new south whales government has agreed to provide $69.3 million for several projects to improve the facilities and environment for performing arts companies, patrons and visitors.//
悉尼歌劇院是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)所有劃時(shí)代建筑物的先驅(qū)。雖然歌劇院的設(shè)計(jì)師被迫辭職，雖然歌劇院的內(nèi)裝潢從未圓滿(mǎn)竣工，但是這件作品已不僅僅是一座城市的標(biāo)志，而且也是一個(gè)國(guó)家和一個(gè)洲的象征。雖然悉尼歌劇院的原創(chuàng)形象是一艘巨大的航船，但是你可以按自己的理解作出解釋。//自1973年劇院落成營(yíng)業(yè)以來(lái)，已上演了許多場(chǎng)最令人難忘、世界級(jí)水平的藝術(shù)表演。然而，隨著時(shí)間的流逝，這座劇院需要修整以滿(mǎn)足時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要和技術(shù)進(jìn)步的要求。當(dāng)然，任何修整都不能以犧牲建筑整體特色為代價(jià)。澳大利亞新南威爾士州政府已決定斥資6930萬(wàn)美元，推出了幾個(gè)旨在改進(jìn)劇院設(shè)施和環(huán)境的工程項(xiàng)目，為表演藝術(shù)公司提供更好的演出條件，為觀眾和參觀者營(yíng)造更好的觀摩環(huán)境。
ional chinese medicine says that good health is associated with the balance of qi--an energy force that flows through the can be hindered or helped by yin and yang--opposing forces that, when balanced, work harmoniously ing to traditional theory, the goal of acupuncture is to promote the flow of qi by keeping yin and yang in balance--and this is done by inserting needles at various points along primary channels and meridians that crisscross the body.// acupuncture is widely employed in easing cravings and withdrawal pains of heroin addicts.40% of the drug courts in the united states use acupuncture as part of their the miami system alone there are close to four hundred treatments per some countries, such as sweden, the doctors have achieved success with acupuncture in treating the effects of stroke patients getting acupuncture along with physical therapy did a lot better than those getting physical therapy alone.//
中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為，健康的體魄與氣脈平衡有關(guān)。所謂―氣‖就是流動(dòng)于體內(nèi)的能量，其通暢與否由陰陽(yáng)二氣決定，當(dāng)這兩種相對(duì)立的氣脈趨于平衡時(shí)，它們?cè)谝黄鹁褪趾椭C。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)理論，針刺療法的目的就在于使陰陽(yáng)二氣平衡從而加羈氣脈的流動(dòng)。其方法是將針刺入體內(nèi)交錯(cuò)的主要脈絡(luò)上的各穴位。//針刺療法被廣泛用于緩解海洛因吸毒者的吸毒欲望以及戒毒帶來(lái)的痛苦。在美國(guó)，40％的戒毒所將針刺療法用作治療的組成部分。僅僅在邁阿密地區(qū)，每天就有近400項(xiàng)治療使用針刺療法。在有些國(guó)家，如瑞典，醫(yī)生用針刺療法成功地治療了中風(fēng)。那些同時(shí)接受針療和理療的中風(fēng)病人與僅接受理療的中風(fēng)病人相比，前者的療效遠(yuǎn)比后者好得多。//
'll find restaurants for every situation in the united you're in a hurry, you may just want to grab some “junk food” at a grocery store, or you can get a bite to eat at one of the many fast food chains, like mcdonald's, burger king, kentucky fried chicken, pizza hut, or taco you can get a hero or submarine sandwich “to stay” or “to go” from a sandwich shop or deli.// some of these places have tables, but many don' eat in their cars or take their food home, to their offices or to you prefer sitting down but still don't want to spend much, you can try a all of these places, you pick and choose your own food and then pay at a cash register, but you usually have to clear the table when you finish!//
在美國(guó)，你可以找到任何一種餐館。你若來(lái)去匆匆，可以去食品店隨手買(mǎi)些―方便食品‖，也可以從麥當(dāng)勞、漢堡王、肯德基炸雞店、―必勝客‖比薩餅屋，或玉米卷這些快餐連鎖店中挑上一家，買(mǎi)些食物權(quán)且充饑。你還可以上三明治店或熟食店買(mǎi)一塊―英雄‖型或―潛水艇‖型的大三明治，你可以―堂吃‖，也可以―外賣(mài)‖。//這類(lèi)快餐店有的甚至連餐桌都沒(méi)有，人們買(mǎi)了一份快餐后，有的拿到自己的車(chē)?yán)锶コ裕械哪没刈约旱募依锶コ?，也有的拿到辦公室或公園里去吃。如果你既想坐在餐桌邊上吃，同時(shí)又不愿多破費(fèi)，那么你可以去自助餐廳。在那里，你可以先挑選自己喜歡的食物，然后到賬臺(tái)付錢(qián)。不過(guò)通常用完餐后，你得把自己的餐盤(pán)從餐桌上端走。
economist john maynard keynes argued that market behavior could not be rational, or subject to improvement, since our existing knowledge did not provide a sufficient basis for a calculated mathematical expectation of investment returns.i think this observation is particularly true when the object of speculation involves the application of a new technology, such as the internet.// modern financial theory attempts to surmount the problem of an unknowable future by suggesting that returns can be predicted by measuring the past volatility of share prices--shares that exhibit higher volatility are expected to yield greater this assumes the future will be a continuation of the past--like steering a car by looking in the rear-view ors therefore remain heavily dependent on their feelings of “greed” and “fear‖ , that drive markets remain constant throughout the ages.//
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，市場(chǎng)的行為不可能是理性的，也不可能改進(jìn)，因?yàn)槲覀儸F(xiàn)有的知識(shí)不能為經(jīng)過(guò)精確計(jì)算而得出的投資收益預(yù)期提供充分的依據(jù)。我認(rèn)為在投機(jī)對(duì)象涉及到新技術(shù)的使用時(shí)，例如因特網(wǎng)的使用，凱恩斯的這種看法尤為正確。//現(xiàn)代金融理論試圖解決未來(lái)不可預(yù)測(cè)的問(wèn)題。按照現(xiàn)代金融理論，投資收益可以通過(guò)對(duì)股價(jià)以往的波動(dòng)幅度來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)，也就是說(shuō)，股價(jià)波動(dòng)較大的股票可望帶來(lái)較大的回報(bào)。但是這種理論是以未來(lái)是過(guò)去的延續(xù)為前提的，如同看著后視鏡駕駛汽車(chē)一樣。所以投資者仍然在 很大程度上憑著自己的情感操作。在任何年代，推動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的―貪心‖和―擔(dān)心‖這兩種心情 總是永恒不變的。
psychology of the market is one that includes both the psychology of investing and the psychology of are the compulsive attractions of gambling in the undulating moods of the stock market, alternating between its bull phase of energy greediness and grandiosity, and the bear phase of timidity, anxiety, indecisiveness and self-doubt, reflect the manic behavior of the gambling ation differs from most gambling activities in that the beliefs of the participants affect the certain circumstances speculators are capable of creating self-fulfilling prophecies.// success in speculation is ultimately dependent on finding someone else to buy your shares at a higher price than you paid for him or speculative bubble resembles a chain letter in that profits are provided by late entrants to the ne is attempting to anticipate the immediate intentions of his such circumstances, paying attention to shifts in market psychology becomes essential.//
市場(chǎng)的心態(tài)表現(xiàn)出投機(jī)與賭博兼而有之的兩重性。市場(chǎng)有難以抗拒的賭博誘惑。股市的情緒在牛市和熊市之間交替波動(dòng)，牛市充滿(mǎn)了高漲的貪婪情緒，熊市則彌漫著膽怯、焦慮、猶豫不決和自我懷疑的情緒。股市心態(tài)的這種波動(dòng)折射出賭徒的躁狂行為。投機(jī)活動(dòng)與大多數(shù)賭博活動(dòng)的不同之處在于，投機(jī)參與者的信念會(huì)影響投機(jī)結(jié)果。在某些情況下，投機(jī)者能夠創(chuàng)造出自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的預(yù)言。//投機(jī)的成功歸根到底取決于別人能否以比你買(mǎi)入時(shí)更高的價(jià)格買(mǎi)下你手中的股票。每個(gè)投機(jī)泡沫就好比一封連鎖信，利潤(rùn)是由后來(lái)入市者提供的。每一個(gè)人都在預(yù)測(cè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手下_步的意圖。在這種情況下，對(duì)市場(chǎng)心理變化的關(guān)注是至關(guān)重要的。
utility of the united nations to the united states as an instrument of foreign policy can too easily be the years since its founding in 1945, the united nations has been more or less a servant of american most spectacular examples were the official un authorization and sponsorship of intervention in the ―troubled spots‖ of the world with an international peacekeeping er this fact: the united states provides an average quarter of the un budget.// many americans feel the united nations does not give good value for the any evaluation of the united nations must take into account the purpose for which the united states sought to create it: power without many cases, a victory of the united nations is a victory of the united recent years, however, with the growing position of china and some other countries in international diplomacy, the united states can no longer control un decisions as it did the united nations will continue to function as a useful instrument of american foreign policy.//
美國(guó)利用聯(lián)合國(guó)作為其外交政策的工具很容易被低估。聯(lián)合國(guó)自1945年成立以來(lái)，或多或少地成了美國(guó)利益的服務(wù)工具。最典型的事例是，在聯(lián)合國(guó)正式授權(quán)和操辦下，國(guó)際維和部隊(duì)可以對(duì)世界上的―麻煩‖地區(qū)進(jìn)行干預(yù)。你得考慮這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，美國(guó)給聯(lián)合國(guó)提供的經(jīng)費(fèi)占了聯(lián)合國(guó)總預(yù)算的1／4。//許多美國(guó)人認(rèn)為，聯(lián)合國(guó)沒(méi)有對(duì)這種投資予以良好的回報(bào)。但是，對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)的任何評(píng)價(jià)都必須考慮到美國(guó)所追求的目的，即不使用外交手段的力量。很多事例表明，聯(lián)合國(guó)的勝利就是美國(guó)的勝利。然而，由于中國(guó)以及其他一些國(guó)家近年來(lái)國(guó)際外交地位的提高，美國(guó)再也無(wú)法像以前那樣控制聯(lián)合國(guó)的決策。當(dāng)然，聯(lián)合國(guó)作為美國(guó)外交政策的有效工具，將繼續(xù)發(fā)揮這樣的作用。//
must recognize that the world today is spanerse, manifold, colorful and rich in terms of should be an asset rather than a debt of permeates all aspects of human rights, whether civil, political, economic, social or world would be a much better place to live in if we respected cultural spanersity, practiced tolerance and lived together in peace with one another as good neighbors.// it is essential to transcend the differences in social system and ideology in handling state-to-state relations, and work to seek convergence of common interests, rather than model the world after one political system or development hope that the united nations will truly become a center for harmonizing actions of call for stronger efforts by the united nations to harmonize cultures through dialogues and consultation, as well as to resist any attempt to build a mono-cultural world by means of political pressure and coercion.//
我們必須認(rèn)識(shí)到，當(dāng)今世界的文化紛然雜陳、豐富多彩。這是人類(lèi)的財(cái)富，絕非負(fù)擔(dān)。這一特征反映在人權(quán)的各個(gè)方面，如民權(quán)、政治權(quán)、經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)、社會(huì)權(quán)和文化權(quán)。如果我們尊重文化的多樣性，寬容忍讓?zhuān)湍老嗵?，這個(gè)世界會(huì)變得更美好。//處理國(guó)與國(guó)的關(guān)系應(yīng)超越社會(huì)制度和意識(shí)形態(tài)的差異，努力尋求共同利益的匯合點(diǎn)，不能用一種政治制度和發(fā)展模式去規(guī)范世界。我們希望聯(lián)合國(guó)成為國(guó)際協(xié)調(diào)中心。我們要求聯(lián)合國(guó)發(fā)揮更強(qiáng)有力的作用，以對(duì)話(huà)和協(xié)商的方式協(xié)調(diào)文化關(guān)系，抵剖任何企圖以施加政治壓力的手段來(lái)建立一個(gè)單一文化世界的行為。
country has been a member of the organization for economic cooperation and development for almost 30 economic issues are among the core elements of post-cold war international relations and like other countries, we give priority attention to these increasing dependence on international trade and the effects of world economic conditions on our domestic economy have led to a sharpened focus on international trade issues in the pursuit of our foreign policy.// our economic and political future is linked closely with those of its asian and other pacific trade, investment and technology transfer, in the form of joint ventures with such countries, continue to h regular, reciprocal, high-level exchanges of visits, our close contact with their governments continues, particularly with the government of the people's republic of take the view that peace and prosperity in the asia-pacific region depend on the ability of the region's countries to cooperate to maintain economic growth and political are keen to ensure the stability and security of this region and to develop mutually profitable trade, investment, technological exchanges and cooperation.近30年來(lái)我國(guó)一直是經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的成員。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題在冷戰(zhàn)后的國(guó)際關(guān)系中處于中心位置，我們同其他國(guó)家一樣對(duì)這些問(wèn)題給予優(yōu)先考慮。由于我國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的依賴(lài)越來(lái)越大，由于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，我們?cè)诜钚型饨徽叩耐瑫r(shí)更為關(guān)注國(guó)際貿(mào)易問(wèn)題。//我國(guó)政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)前途與亞洲以及其他太平洋鄰國(guó)的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)前途休戚相關(guān)。通過(guò)與這些國(guó)家建立合資企業(yè)，我國(guó)的貿(mào)易、投資和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓繼續(xù)得到增長(zhǎng)。經(jīng)常性的高層次互訪使我們同這些國(guó)家的政府，特別是同中華人民共和國(guó)政府，繼續(xù)保持密切的接觸。我們認(rèn)為，亞太地區(qū)的和平與繁榮取決于該地區(qū)各國(guó)能否進(jìn)行合作以保持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和政治穩(wěn)定。我們迫切希望保障亞太地區(qū)的穩(wěn)定和安全，發(fā)展互惠互利的貿(mào)易、投資和技術(shù)交流與合作。
15round-the-clock timetable is changing our way of 21st century office never leaves bring our wireless cell phones and notebook computers when are people who bring their cell phones into concert halls and them, missing an important business message is not a miss that is round-the-clock hyperspeed ”internet time“ won't give us quiet time for resting and increasing number of business executives have taken to bragging about how much sleep they them, the ultimate status symbol is the power to live by nature's clock rather than the net's clock.// of course, there is no going back to the agrarian past.i think the right attitude is to go with the tide of the times and live as a master of our time without submitting to a kind of 21st century will learn to arrange our lives according to our nature's clock within the framework of the 24-hour timetable of the net, rather than chasing after the net's sun that never sets, for such an act is, undoubtedly, not only a sign of incompetence but also an act of burning the candle at both ends.//
二.十四小時(shí)的全天候時(shí)間表在改變著我們的生活方式。21世紀(jì)的辦公地點(diǎn)無(wú)處不在。我們外出度假時(shí)會(huì)隨身攜帶無(wú)線手機(jī)或手提電腦。有些人甚至把手機(jī)帶入音樂(lè)廳和會(huì)議廳，因?yàn)樵谒麄兛磥?lái)，錯(cuò)過(guò)一個(gè)重要的商業(yè)信息是不可彌補(bǔ)的過(guò)失。二十四小時(shí)的超高速的―因特網(wǎng)時(shí)問(wèn)‖使我們無(wú)法靜心休息和思考。越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)行政主管開(kāi)始把自己有時(shí)間睡覺(jué)作為吹牛的資本。對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，地位的最大標(biāo)志在于有無(wú)能力按照自然的生物鐘而非網(wǎng)絡(luò)鐘來(lái)工作和休息。//當(dāng)然，從信息時(shí)代退回到農(nóng)耕時(shí)代是不可能的。我認(rèn)為，正確的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是順應(yīng)時(shí)代的潮流，做時(shí)代的主人，而不要做二十一世紀(jì)的奴隸。我們要在這個(gè)二十四小時(shí)的因特網(wǎng)時(shí)間表內(nèi)，學(xué)會(huì)按照自己的生物鐘來(lái)安排自己的生活，而不要去追趕那永不落的網(wǎng)絡(luò)太陽(yáng)。二十四小時(shí)地拼命追趕網(wǎng)絡(luò)太陽(yáng)無(wú)疑是一種無(wú)能的表現(xiàn)，等于兩頭點(diǎn)蠟燭。//
中到英
1.近代中國(guó)經(jīng)歷了一段積貧積弱、任人宰割的歷史。落后就要挨打，這是中國(guó)人民從屢遭外來(lái)侵略的悲慘經(jīng)歷中得出的刻骨銘心的教訓(xùn)。一個(gè)國(guó)家只有首先自強(qiáng)，才能在世界上自立一百多年來(lái)，中國(guó)人民為實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的目標(biāo)進(jìn)行了不懈努力。//中華人民共和國(guó)成立后，中國(guó)人民自力更生、改革開(kāi)放、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，在社會(huì)主義建設(shè)中 取得了舉世矚目的偉大成就。當(dāng)前，中國(guó)人民堅(jiān)定不移地抓住發(fā)展這個(gè)第一要?jiǎng)?wù)，正滿(mǎn)懷信 心地為全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)、實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化而團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗。//
china experienced a period of enduring impoverishment and long-standing debility in its modern history and was for a time at the mercy of other g behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks, which is the never-forgotten lesson the chinese people have learnt from their tragic experience of repeated foreign invasions.a country has to strengthen itself before it can be sure of its place in the over a hundred years, the chinese people have made unremitting efforts toward the goal of rejuvenating the nation.// since the founding of the people’ s republic of china, the chinese people, through self-reliance, have carried out the national program of reform and opening up and, by keeping pace with the times, have made great achievements in building socialism that have caught the attention of the present, the chinese people stay focused on the primary task of development, working together with full confidence to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and striving to achieve modernization.//
2.中方重視美方在貿(mào)易不平衡、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)等問(wèn)題上的關(guān)切，已經(jīng)并將繼續(xù)采取積極措施逐步加以解決。中方不追求長(zhǎng)期對(duì)美貿(mào)易順差，將繼續(xù)履行入世承諾，進(jìn)一步向美國(guó)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)放市場(chǎng)。中國(guó)政府高度重視并將繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)工作。我們已經(jīng)降低了對(duì)侵犯知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的刑事處罰門(mén)檻，已經(jīng)并將進(jìn)一步加大執(zhí)法力度，開(kāi)展保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)整治行動(dòng)。//解決中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦等問(wèn)題需要雙方共同采取行動(dòng)。我們希望美方承認(rèn)中國(guó)完全市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位，取消對(duì)華出口商品和技術(shù)的限制，糾正貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的錯(cuò)誤做法。增加對(duì)華出口，而 不是限制自華進(jìn)口，才是解決貿(mào)易不平衡的正確途徑。//
china pays great attention to ns about trade imbalances, ipr protection and others, and has taken, and will continue to take, effective steps to address them is not after prolonged surplus in trade with the united states, and will continue to honor its wto commitments by opening its market still wider to chinese government attaches great importance to ipr protection and will step up its measures in this have lowered the threshold for criminal penalties against ipr infringement, intensified law enforcement and launched ipr protection measures will continue to be implemented.// it takes the efforts of both china and the united states to address their economic and trade hope that the united states will recognize china’ s full market economy status, lift restrictions on commodity and technology exports to china and correct the wrong practices of trade sing exports to china, instead of restricting imports from china, is the right course of action to solve trade imbalances.//
3.泰山的每個(gè)季節(jié)都有獨(dú)特的魅力。春天，綠茵茵的山坡上，爭(zhēng)奇斗妍的花朵到處可見(jiàn)。夏天泰山的雷暴雨堪稱(chēng)奇觀。秋天，楓樹(shù)葉漫山遍野，蔚藍(lán)色的河水川流不息。冬天，雪蓋群峰松披霜，景觀素雅悲壯，別有一番情趣。喜逢艷陽(yáng)日，極目遠(yuǎn)眺，重巒疊嶂，盡收眼簾。//但遇天陰時(shí)，環(huán)顧四周，蒼茫大地，盡入云海。泰山的日出與日落，聞名遐爾。壯觀的 自然風(fēng)景以及不可計(jì)數(shù)的歷史名勝，激發(fā)了古代文人墨客，為之舞文弄墨，創(chuàng)作了無(wú)數(shù)經(jīng)典 佳作。泰山歷來(lái)是畫(huà)家騷客所鐘情的聚集地。//
each season here has its beauty: bright flowers in full bloom covering the green slopes in spring, spectacular summer thunderstorms which are rarely seen elsewhere, blue rivers running across the mountains overlaid with red maple leaves in fall, and snow-capped mountains and frosted pine trees in winter that stage a quiet solemn spectacle of particular a clear day one can see the peaks rising one after another.// when the sky is overcast, the horizon disappears into a sea of tai is most famous for its spectacular sunrise and landscape and numerous historical sites have inspired many great classics of ancient writers, scholars and tai has long been the preferred gathering place of artists and poets.//
4.20國(guó)集團(tuán)會(huì)議機(jī)制，涵蓋了世界最主要的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家、發(fā)展中國(guó)家和轉(zhuǎn)軌國(guó)家，成員國(guó)人口占世界總?cè)丝诘?/3，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值占世界國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的90%以上，對(duì)外貿(mào)易額占世界貿(mào)易額的80%，是一個(gè)具有廣泛代表性的重要國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇。//在當(dāng)前國(guó)際形勢(shì)下，20國(guó)集團(tuán)各成員應(yīng)該在平等互利、求同存異、靈活務(wù)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)展對(duì)話(huà)，加強(qiáng)同其他國(guó)際和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的交流合作，以增進(jìn)互信、擴(kuò)大共識(shí)、協(xié)調(diào)行動(dòng)，在健全國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易體制和規(guī)則、完善國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)金融體系、加強(qiáng)南北對(duì)話(huà)和合作、促進(jìn)全球 減貧和發(fā)展等方面，發(fā)揮更大、更積極的實(shí)質(zhì)性作用。//
the g20 mechanism has included in its members the primary players of both developed and developing countries as well as those in ed by population size, they account for two thirds of the world total;by gdp, over 90 percent, and by foreign trade, 80 this has made it a widely representative and influential international economic forum.// in light of the current international context, g20 members must engage in flexible and pragmatic dialogues on the basis of equality and mutual benefits, seeking common ground while shelving ile, they must also increases exchanges and cooperation with other regional and international economic institutions to build trust, expand consensus and coordinate this will give them bigger and more active roles that can have a real impact on ameliorating the international trading systems and rules, improving the international economic and financial structures, enhancing north-south dialogue and cooperation and facilitating global efforts in poverty reduction and development.//
5.中國(guó)是一個(gè)有著 5000 多年悠久歷史的文明古國(guó)。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，中國(guó)人民以自己的勤勞智
慧創(chuàng)造了燦爛的中華文明，為人類(lèi)文明進(jìn)步作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。北京就是一座有 3000多年悠久歷史的文明古城，800多年前北京開(kāi)始建都。//離今晚會(huì)場(chǎng)人民大會(huì)堂不遠(yuǎn)的地方，就是舉世聞名的故宮。故宮始建于600年前，是世界上現(xiàn)存最大最完整的古代宮殿建筑群。從歷史悠久的北京和建筑精美的故宮這些縮影中，人們就能夠生動(dòng)地感受到中華文明源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、博大精深的深厚底蘊(yùn)，感受到中華民族自強(qiáng)不 息、頑強(qiáng)奮進(jìn)的壯闊歷程。//
china is an ancient civilization with a history of over 5,000 chinese people have made major contribution to human progress by creating the splendid chinese civilization with hard work and city of beijing, with its long history of over 3,000 years, stands testimony to that establishment as the capital city began over 800 years ago.// a short distance from the great hall of the people, where we are meeting right now, is the world-renowned imperial built some 600 years ago, it is the largest and most complete existing architectural complex of ancient royal palace in the the time-honored capital and its majestic palace, people can feel vividly the long standing and profound richness of the chinese civilization, and the grand course of historical development that the chinese nation has followed with a dauntless and dashing spirit.//
6.海的字面意思是指―海上之埠‖，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)―滬‖，別稱(chēng)―申‖。上海面積為 6340平方公里，占全國(guó)總面積的 0.06%，屬?zèng)_積平原，地勢(shì)平坦，平均海拔高度為 4 米，最高點(diǎn)大金山海拔103.4，常住居民達(dá)1700萬(wàn)。這是世界上最大的海港城市之一，也是中國(guó)最大的工業(yè)、商業(yè)、金融、航運(yùn)中心之一。//這里有著世界上最快的陸地交通工具——磁懸浮列車(chē)和亞洲最高的高塔——東方明珠塔，它們標(biāo)志著上海的速度和高度。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的日益深化，這座昔日被譽(yù)為遠(yuǎn)東金融、經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易中心的城市正在為促進(jìn)長(zhǎng)江三角洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起著龍頭作用。與此同時(shí)，上海以她獨(dú)特的風(fēng)韻吸引著數(shù)百萬(wàn)計(jì)的海內(nèi)外游客。作為一座國(guó)際大都市，上海的國(guó)際航班可直達(dá) 世界上 60 多座城市。//
shanghai is literally named as ―a port on the sea‖.for historical reasons, this city has acquired two additional names for short, ―hu‖ and ―shen‖.shanghai occupies a soil deposit plain land of 6,340 altitude of 4 meters above sea level, the 103.4 meter dajinshan being the summit of this 17 million people register as the city’s permanent ai is one of the world’s largest seaports and among china’s biggest industrial, commercial, financial and shipping centers.// here you will see the world’s fastest means of land transportation, the maglev train, and the tallest tower in asia, the oriental pearl tower, marking metaphorically the speed and height of its deepening economic reform, this city, formerly crowned as the financial, economic and trade hub of the far east, is playing a leading role in boosting economic development in the yangtze river ile, shanghai has attracted millions of chinese and overseas tourists with its unique an international metropolis, shanghai provides direct flights to more than 60 cities in the world.//
7.北京觀光客自然都會(huì)游覽故宮和長(zhǎng)城，這是因?yàn)楣蕦m和長(zhǎng)城是舉世聞名的旅游景點(diǎn)。而
今天我卻想向各位推薦北京第三大旅游場(chǎng)所，北京世界公園。北京世界公園于 90年代初在北京興建，是北京的最新旅游景點(diǎn)。這里游客那種―一日游盡天下景‖的夢(mèng)想便可成真。//北京世界公園是規(guī)模雄踞亞洲同類(lèi)公園之冠，所收微縮復(fù)制品的數(shù)量也堪稱(chēng)亞洲之最。世界七大奇觀以及50個(gè)國(guó)家的約100處歷史名勝和自然景觀均以微縮模型展出。占地面積46.7公頃的世界公園分為17處風(fēng)景區(qū)，收集了亞洲、非洲、歐洲、南北美洲以及大洋洲的 主要名勝景點(diǎn)。//
while the palace museum and the great wall, the two world-famous scenic spots, are known to all a must tourist destination for people visiting beijing, today, i’ d like to introduce to you the beijing world park, the third major tourist site in ted in the early 1990s, the beijing world park boasts the newest spot in beijing, and here the visitors may realize their dream of ―touring around the world in a day.‖// the beijing world park is the largest park of its kind, with mini replicas on the largest scale in seven wonders of the world and some 100 famous historical and natural sights from 50 countries are on display in 46.7-hectare world park features 17 scenic areas staging all the major tourist sites of asia, africa, europe, americas and oceania.//
8.中國(guó)是個(gè)多宗教的國(guó)家。主要宗教有佛教、道教、伊斯蘭教、天主教和基督教。佛教在
中國(guó)已有 2000 多年的歷史。現(xiàn)在中國(guó)有佛教寺院 1.3 萬(wàn)余座，出家僧尼約 20 萬(wàn)人。道教發(fā) 源于中國(guó)，已有 1700 多年歷史。中國(guó)現(xiàn)有道教宮觀 1500 余座，乾道、坤道 2.5 萬(wàn)余人。伊 斯蘭教于公元 7 世紀(jì)傳入中國(guó)。// 回族、維吾爾族等 10 個(gè)少數(shù)民族中的群眾信仰伊斯蘭教。這些少數(shù)民族總?cè)丝诩s 1800 萬(wàn)，現(xiàn)有清真寺 3 萬(wàn)余座，伊瑪目、阿訇 4 萬(wàn)余人。天主教自公元 7 世紀(jì)起傳入中國(guó)。中國(guó) 現(xiàn)有天主教徒約 400 萬(wàn)人，教職人員約 4000 人，教堂、會(huì)所 4600 余座?；浇逃诠?19 世紀(jì)初傳入中國(guó)。中國(guó)現(xiàn)有基督徒約 1000 萬(wàn)人，教牧傳道人員 1.8 萬(wàn)余人，教堂、會(huì)所 1.2 萬(wàn)余座。//
china is a country with a great spanersity of religious main religions are buddhism, taoism, islam, catholicism and sm enjoys a history of 2,000 years in tly china has 13,000-some buddhist temples and about 200,000 buddhist monks and , native to china, has a history of more than 1,700 now has over 1,500 taoist temples and more than 25,000 taoist priests and was introduced into china in the seventh century.// in china there are ten minorities, including the hui and uygur, with a total population of 18 million, whose faith is 30,000-odd mosques are served by 40,000 imams and icism was introduced into china in the 7th present, china has four million catholics, 4,000 priests and more than 4,600 churches and meeting tantism was first brought to china in the early 19th re are about 10 million protestants, more than 18,000 clergy, more than 12,000 churches and meeting houses throughout china.//
9.素有―江南第一學(xué)府‖之美譽(yù)的復(fù)旦大學(xué)已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)包容文、理、工、醫(yī)等學(xué)科的綜 合性大學(xué)。一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，一代又一代的復(fù)旦人秉承―愛(ài)國(guó)、奉獻(xiàn)、求實(shí)、創(chuàng)新‖的 精神，以豐富的想像力、活躍的創(chuàng)造力和卓有成效的實(shí)踐，在中國(guó)高等教育發(fā)展史上留下了深深的足跡。//同時(shí)，為人類(lèi)的文明和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，為民族的振興和國(guó)家的強(qiáng)盛，為上海的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和文化繁榮作出了重要的貢獻(xiàn)。當(dāng)前，復(fù)旦大學(xué)正在大力推進(jìn)學(xué)科建設(shè)和教學(xué)改革，提高辦學(xué)質(zhì)量和效益，全面提升復(fù)旦學(xué)術(shù)研究的知名度和影響力。//
fudan university, renowned without fail as the best university south of the yangtze river, has become a comprehensive university with a complete range of disciplines in liberal arts, science, engineering and the past one hundred years, the spirit of ”patriotism, dedication, truth-seeking and innovation“ has guided the fudan people generation after its rich imagination, active creativity and effectual practice, fudan has set up milestones in the history of china's higher education.// and it has contributed profusely to the progress of humanity and society, to the rejuvenation and prosperity of our nation, as well as to the economic and cultural prosperity of tly, fudan university is working hard in the hope of spurring discipline-construction and education reform, and improving education quality and efficiency, and elevating fudan's academic influence and visibility in all dimensions.//
10.上海博物館新館建筑總面積38000平方米，由地下兩層、地上5層構(gòu)成，建筑高度29．5米。這座壯觀的新館將方體基座和巨型圓頂及4個(gè)拱形出挑結(jié)合起來(lái)，象征著傳統(tǒng)文 化與時(shí)代精神的完美融合。從高處俯瞰，上海博物館的玻璃圓頂猶如一面碩大的漢代銅鏡。從遠(yuǎn)處眺望，新館建筑猶如一尊青銅古鼎，默默承載著 5 000 年歷史和文明的重荷。// 上海博物館南面大門(mén)的兩側(cè)，聳立著 8 尊漢白玉雕塑。這是從 300 多件漢、唐雕塑文物 中遴選出 8 件作品加以仿制放大，每件高近3 米，重約 20 噸，極具莊嚴(yán)雄渾之氣。傳統(tǒng)文 化與現(xiàn)代風(fēng)格的完美結(jié)合，在室內(nèi)裝飾上也得以充分體現(xiàn)。//
the new site of the shanghai museum has a construction space of 38,000 square meters with two floors underground and five floors above the ground with a height of 29.5 grand new building, structured with a square base and a circular top with four arch-shaped handles erected on it, symbolizes the perfect fusion of china's traditional culture and the spirit of modern viewed from above, the circular top with a glass dome in the center looks like a huge bronze mirror of the han viewed at a distance, the whole building resembles an ancient bronze ding tripod, shouldering in silence the heavy weight of the five-thousand-year chinese history and civilization.// the southern entrance of the shanghai museum is flanked by eight dignified mighty animals in white-marble sculpture, each with a height of close to three meters and a weight of about twenty eight sculptures were modeled and magnified after the prototypes carefully selected from over 300 stone and bronze sculpture relics of the han, northern and southern, sui and tang dynasties collected in the museum's perfect combination of traditional culture and modern architectural style is also fully captured by the interior decoration of the museum.//
11.歐洲是交響樂(lè)之鄉(xiāng)，也是歌劇之鄉(xiāng)，是許多杰出作曲家的搖籃。中國(guó)也有歌劇，那就是京劇。京劇起源于200年前清朝時(shí)期的北京。京劇是一種集歌劇表演、歌唱、音樂(lè)、舞蹈和武術(shù)于一體的表演藝術(shù)。我們的服裝展覽會(huì)將展示這個(gè)―東方歌劇‖歷時(shí)200年的發(fā)展史，以及源自清朝后期的舞臺(tái)服飾。//服飾設(shè)計(jì)采用了夸張性和象征性的手法，色彩明亮鮮艷，用料獨(dú)特，裁剪別致。另一場(chǎng)展覽將展出600套服飾，其中有秦漢以來(lái)不同朝代的古裝，有我國(guó)少數(shù)民族服裝，也有現(xiàn)代服飾。我國(guó)的名模將登臺(tái)表演，展示我國(guó)服裝業(yè)和服裝設(shè)計(jì)師的成就。//
europe is the home to symphonic music and also home to has been a cradle of many brilliant music has opera, 's peking opera, which originated from beijing some 200 years ago during the qing 's a performing art that embraces opera performance, singing, music, dancing and martial costume exposition will present 200 years of development of this ”oriental opera“ and the performance costumes dating to the late qing dynasty.// the costume design adopted exaggeration and symbolic means and bright materials are unique, so are the tailoring r exhibition will display a total of 600 sets of clothes, including the ancient clothes of different dynasties from the qin and han, the costumes of china's ethnic groups, and modern garments and models from china will participate to present the achievements of the chinese garment industry and chinese designers.// 12.中國(guó)人民自古以來(lái)的哲學(xué)思想就是―和為貴‖、―和而不同‖，我們歷來(lái)主張中美兩國(guó)文明雖有不同，卻不相斥；雖有差異，卻能交融。作為世界上有重要影響的大國(guó)，中美應(yīng)該相互尊重、相互學(xué)習(xí)、求同存異、取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短，為不同國(guó)家、不同文明之間和諧共存、進(jìn)行建設(shè)性合作樹(shù)立榜樣，為實(shí)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)的共同發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)。去年8月，美國(guó)波士頓斯諾敦公立高中的9名學(xué)生來(lái)到中國(guó)，到河北和北京與中國(guó)學(xué)生開(kāi)展了為期半個(gè)月的―美中城市學(xué)生看中國(guó)‖活動(dòng)。//活動(dòng)中，兩國(guó)學(xué)生克服語(yǔ)言和文化障礙，超越習(xí)俗和偏見(jiàn)，通過(guò)溝通和互動(dòng)，結(jié)下了深厚的友誼。美國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)了唱中國(guó)歌曲《茉莉花》、畫(huà)中國(guó)山水畫(huà)。―我們喜歡中國(guó)!‖是他們由衷的心聲。中國(guó)學(xué)生練就了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的美式發(fā)音，還學(xué)會(huì)了跳美國(guó)街舞。依依惜別之時(shí)，兩 國(guó)學(xué)生彼此承諾：努力學(xué)習(xí)，健康成長(zhǎng)，未來(lái)再相會(huì)。//
since ancient times, china's prevailing philosophy has been one that preaches ”peace is most precious“ and ”harmony without uniformity.“ we always believe that though the chinese and zations are different, they can easily get along with each other instead of repelling each major countries of global influence, china and the united states should respect and learn from each other, seek common ground while shelving differences, and complement each other with respective so doing, we can set a good example for different countries and civilizations to live side by side harmoniously and engage in constructive cooperation, making a contribution to the common development of august, nine ts from snowden national school in boston joined chinese students in hebei and beijing in a 15-day program entitled ― chinese city students view china.‖// during the program, the students overcame language and cultural barriers, rose above perhaps one-sided views, and forged deep friendship through communication and ts learnt to sing the chinese song ―jasmine‖ and paint landscape with chinese brushes.―we like china.‖ these are words from the bottom of their chinese students learnt quite standard american english pronunciation and the american it came to the time of parting, the students promised to each other that they would study hard, keep fit and meet again in the future.//
13.中國(guó)人認(rèn)為，太極是天地萬(wàn)物之根源。太極分為陰陽(yáng)二氣，陰陽(yáng)二氣產(chǎn)生木、火、土、金、水這五行。五行代表或作用于人體器官，即火對(duì)心，木對(duì)肝，土對(duì)脾胃，金對(duì)肺，水對(duì)。腎。陰陽(yáng)化合而生萬(wàn)物，太極則代表了陰陽(yáng)調(diào)和。//長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，世界只知道中國(guó)有指南針、火藥、造紙和活字印刷四大發(fā)明。幾乎很少有人知道中國(guó)已發(fā)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)絡(luò)的存在。經(jīng)絡(luò)是指人體內(nèi)血?dú)膺\(yùn)行通路的主干與分支網(wǎng)絡(luò)，針刺穴位 散布其間。北京經(jīng)絡(luò)研究中心通過(guò)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)方法，已經(jīng)證實(shí)了經(jīng)絡(luò)的存在。經(jīng)絡(luò)的發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)疑 是為《易經(jīng)》和《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》的理論提供了強(qiáng)有力的佐證。
we chinese believe that taiji is the origin of all lives on comprises yin and yang, two types of vital five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal and water derive from yin and five elements correspond to, or affect, particular human is, the element of the fire corresponds to the heart, the wood to the liver, the earth to the spleen and the stomach, the metal to the lung and the water to the combination of yin and yang gives birth to all lives on represents the harmonious state of balance between yin and yang.// for a long time, the rest of the world was only aware of china's four major inventions: the compass, gunpowder, paper-making and movable-type few know about china's discovery of jingluo that exists in a human o is a system of internal main and collateral channels, regarded as a network of energy passages, along which acupuncture points are existence of jingluo has been proved by using modern scientific methods at the beijing jingluo research discovery of the existence of jingluo provides a strong support for the theories advanced in the book of changes and huang di's classic of internal medicine./
14.魯菜通常較咸，汁色普遍較淺。魯菜注重選料，精于刀工，善于炊技。作為我國(guó)北方菜系的代表，魯菜烹飪技術(shù)廣泛用于明清兩代的宮廷菜。川菜選料范圍大，調(diào)味及炊技變化多樣。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，川菜的品種在五千種以上。川菜最大的特點(diǎn)是口味重，以麻辣著稱(chēng)。//最難歸類(lèi)的粵菜強(qiáng)調(diào)輕炒淺煮，選料似乎不受限制。粵菜源于明清，在發(fā)展過(guò)程中不僅吸收借鑒了中國(guó)北方烹調(diào)和西餐烹調(diào)的精華，同時(shí)也保持了自己的傳統(tǒng)特色。揚(yáng)州菜以江蘇省境內(nèi)的揚(yáng)州、南京、蘇州等地的地方菜式為基礎(chǔ)之大成。揚(yáng)州菜注重選料的原汁原味，在菜的裝飾上講究形態(tài)的藝術(shù)性和顏色的鮮艷性，揚(yáng)州菜實(shí)際上糅合了南北菜系之精華。也有人以八個(gè)字來(lái)歸納這四大菜系的口味特點(diǎn)，即―南淡北咸，東甜西辣‖。//
shandong cuisine is generally salty, with a prevalence of light-colored dishes feature choice of materials, adept technique in slicing and perfect cooking ng cuisine is representative of northern china's cooking and its technique has been widely absorbed by the imperial dishes of the ming(1368-1644)and qing(1644-1911)n cuisine features a wide range of materials, various seasonings and different cooking tics show that the number of sichuan dishes has surpassed 5, a rich variety of strong flavors, sichuan food is famous for its numerous varieties of delicacies, dominated by peppery and chili flavors and best known for being spicy-hot.// cantonese cuisine, the hardest to categorize, emphasizes light cooking with seemingly limitless range of ese cuisine took shape in the ming and qing the process of its development, it has borrowed the culinary essence of northern china and of the western-style food, while maintaining its traditional local ou cuisine bases itself largely on the three local cooking styles of yangzhou, nanjing and suzhou, all within jiangsu emphasizing the original flavors of well-chosen materials, it features carefully selected ingredients, also, the artistic shape and bright colors of the dishes and more ornamental ou cuisine is essentially a combination of the best elements of northern and southern ing to some others, the characteristic flavors of china’ s four major cuisines can be summed up in the following expression: ―the light southern(canton)cuisine, and the salty northern(shangdong)cuisine;the sweet eastern(yangzhou)cuisine, and the spicy western(sichuan)
15.我們應(yīng)該尊重和維護(hù)世界文明的多樣性。各國(guó)文明的多樣性，是人類(lèi)社會(huì)的基本特征，也是推動(dòng)世界文明進(jìn)步的重要?jiǎng)恿?。?dāng)今世界擁有60億人口，200多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)，2500多個(gè)民族，5000多種語(yǔ)言。各個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)，無(wú)論是歷史傳統(tǒng)、宗教信仰和文化背景，還是社會(huì)制度、價(jià)值觀念和發(fā)展程度，往往存在這樣那樣的差異，整個(gè)人類(lèi)文明也因此而交相輝映、多姿多彩。//這種文明的多樣性是在歷史長(zhǎng)河中形成的，并將長(zhǎng)期存在下去。中國(guó)古代思想家孔子曾說(shuō)過(guò)，―萬(wàn)物并育而不相害，道并行而不相悖‖。我們應(yīng)該充分尊重各國(guó)文明的多樣性，而不應(yīng)人為歧視或貶低他國(guó)文明；應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)各種文明在對(duì)話(huà)交流中相互借鑒、取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短，而不應(yīng)相互隔絕和相互排斥；應(yīng)該倡導(dǎo)各種文明在相互包容、求同存異中共同發(fā)展，而不應(yīng)強(qiáng)求一 律、強(qiáng)加于人。//
we should respect and maintain the spanersity of the world's spanerse civilizations are a hallmark of human society and an important driving force behind human world today has over 6 billion inhabitants living in more than 200 countries and break down into over 2,500 ethnic groups and speak more than 5,000 different it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those countries or regions are often different from one is these differences that make our planet dazzling, colorful and bustling with life.// such spanersity is a legacy of history and will stay with us into the ancient chinese thinker confucius once said, ”all living creatures grow together without harming one another;ways run parallel without interfering with one another." instead of harboring bias against or deliberately belittling other civilizations, we should give full respect to the spanersity of d of shutting each other out in mutual exclusion, we should encourage dialog and exchange between civilizations so that they can learn from each other in mutual d of demanding uniformity and imposing one's will on others, we should promote common development of all civilizations in the course of mutual tolerance and seeking agreement while shelving differences.//
北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書(shū)篇三
淺析英譯漢翻譯中詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換技巧
【摘要】英語(yǔ)作為一門(mén)國(guó)際語(yǔ)言和交流工具，隨著我國(guó)國(guó)力的增加，已經(jīng)在溝通和交流文化及商業(yè)中起到了舉足輕重的作用。英語(yǔ)翻譯中，需要了解兩種語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)和形式，并利用一些技巧將文章通順及合理地翻譯。文中闡述了英譯漢翻譯過(guò)程中的詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換技巧，就某些翻譯中頻頻出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題結(jié)合具體實(shí)例進(jìn)行了較為詳盡的分析，這對(duì)于英譯漢的翻譯和英語(yǔ)更深層次的學(xué)習(xí)有重要意義。
【關(guān)鍵詞】翻譯原則 英譯漢 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換
一、翻譯原則及詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換的含義
翻譯是在準(zhǔn)確，通順的基礎(chǔ)上，把一種語(yǔ)言信息轉(zhuǎn)變成另一種語(yǔ)言信息的行為，翻譯也是將一種相對(duì)陌生的表達(dá)方式轉(zhuǎn)換成熟悉的表達(dá)方式的過(guò)程。翻譯的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：1.忠實(shí)。要忠實(shí)原文所要傳達(dá)的信息，把原文的信息完整而準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái)。2.通暢。譯文規(guī)范，明白易懂，沒(méi)有文理不通，結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，邏輯不清的現(xiàn)象。
詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換法是指在翻譯過(guò)程中，根據(jù)譯文語(yǔ)言的習(xí)慣進(jìn)行相關(guān)的變換，不僅是指詞類(lèi)的轉(zhuǎn)變，而且還包含詞類(lèi)功能的改變和一定詞序的變換，英文和中文詞類(lèi)沒(méi)有完全對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系，英語(yǔ)單詞有詞性變換，中文沒(méi)有，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換是名詞，介詞詞組，形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞。
二、詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換的技巧分析
英文翻譯過(guò)程中，不少學(xué)生都將自己束縛在原文的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、句型以及字?jǐn)?shù)上，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)“生搬硬套”翻譯情況，使得譯文的詞組運(yùn)動(dòng)不當(dāng)、語(yǔ)序不正確，很難將原文的含義表達(dá)出來(lái)。這些問(wèn)題主要表現(xiàn)為譯文的上下文連續(xù)性不強(qiáng)、沒(méi)有達(dá)到語(yǔ)境要求以及死譯等。所以，英文翻譯時(shí)需要事先比較英文和中文的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和表述習(xí)慣。其中，英語(yǔ)以形式為主，而中文則以含義為主。因此，在對(duì)這兩種語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)言特征和邏輯性，盡量不要頻繁對(duì)英文進(jìn)行斷句，否則將破壞英文的連貫性，還會(huì)降低文章的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。除此之外，針對(duì)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換中出現(xiàn)的詞性或詞序變化問(wèn)題，需要學(xué)生明確英文詞匯間的關(guān)系。例如，英文單詞詞性的變化大都是通過(guò)詞綴完成的，例如加前綴或后綴，從而產(chǎn)生不同的詞性。而漢語(yǔ)通常都使用動(dòng)詞。對(duì)于這些差異，在翻譯過(guò)程中必須要重視起來(lái)。
三、詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換的類(lèi)型
1.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。①表示直覺(jué)，感情，欲望的心里狀態(tài)的形容詞，如果做表語(yǔ)則在翻譯是經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞，如confident，certain，careful，cautious，angry，sorry，ashamed，thankful，anxious，grateful，able等。例如：he is grateful for her help.譯為：他很感激她的幫助。“grateful”由形容詞“感激的”譯為動(dòng)詞“感激”。②英語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法中，由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞一般有加前綴，后綴的方式。例如，-ment，-tion，-er….這時(shí)，由動(dòng)詞派生或者含有動(dòng)詞含義的名詞在翻譯時(shí)需要將名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。例如：robots have found application for the exploration of the universe.譯為：機(jī)器人已經(jīng)用來(lái)探索宇宙。注：如果這里的“application ”和“exploration”轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞后，就會(huì)使句子語(yǔ)句通順。
2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞。在英語(yǔ)中由形容詞派生的名詞翻譯起來(lái)需要轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，否則會(huì)使語(yǔ)句不通順。例如：the new design should offer greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.譯為：新的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該使地震頻發(fā)的城市更為安全。注：這里的offer security由中的“security”翻譯時(shí)由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞；如果字面意思譯為“提供更大安全”，則不夠地道，感覺(jué)很生硬。
3.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞。在英譯漢中，通常將修飾名詞的形容詞譯為副詞。例如：you had better give them a quick glance during communication.譯為：在溝通時(shí)，你最好飛快地瞥一眼他們。注：在原句中名詞glance 由形容詞quick修飾，需要在譯文中轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞。
4.副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞。在英譯漢中，修飾英文動(dòng)詞的副詞經(jīng)常譯為形容詞。例如：we were most impressed by the fact that those patients were not in good condition.譯為：給我們留下深刻印象的是，那些病人的身體狀況不太好。
5.介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。英語(yǔ)中常用介詞表達(dá)動(dòng)詞的含義，翻譯時(shí)需將介詞譯為動(dòng)詞。例如：while she is working，her feet are on the bench.譯為：當(dāng)她工作時(shí)，她的腳放在椅子上。注：這里 on the bench 是介詞短語(yǔ)，需要譯為“放在椅子上”的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。
四、詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換的注意事項(xiàng)
詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中需要注意：首先要尊重原著的意思，不能為了翻譯的方便而破壞原文本意；其次要注意翻譯詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)境與文章上下文之間的聯(lián)系，使讀者閱讀時(shí)能夠清楚詳盡。此外，在翻譯過(guò)程中，需要保證翻譯的通順和精確，這是翻譯的最基本原則和要求，也是成功翻譯的條件。最后一點(diǎn)也是最重要的一點(diǎn)，翻譯時(shí)需要將文章中的精髓進(jìn)行一定的加工，使得作品在遵循原文的基礎(chǔ)上能夠更加貼近文學(xué)本身，能夠讓讀者感受到理解文章基本內(nèi)容的同時(shí)有可以學(xué)到的新的東西，無(wú)論是翻譯技巧還是翻譯的內(nèi)容中包含的知識(shí)。不僅考驗(yàn)翻譯的功底也同時(shí)使得翻譯有更加有意義更加長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展。
五、結(jié)論
英文翻譯中詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是最基本也是最常用的方法，上文結(jié)合例句介紹的五類(lèi)詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的方法是英譯漢翻譯中最常見(jiàn)的五種，掌握這些會(huì)有助于翻譯的成功。對(duì)于大學(xué)生甚至是研究生來(lái)說(shuō)，把握詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的方法，做到舉一反三，在此基礎(chǔ)上，有良好的翻譯思想做指導(dǎo)，不生搬硬套，注重意義的理解，通過(guò)上下文的貫通以及清晰的邏輯關(guān)系，會(huì)使文章翻譯的更加順暢，更容易理解，加深我們對(duì)英語(yǔ)原文的解讀。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]程兵兵，佘波.從《實(shí)用英語(yǔ)》中看英譯漢的基本方法和技巧[j].科技視界，2014，12：218-219.
北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書(shū)篇四
要真正掌握英譯漢的技巧并非易事。這是因?yàn)橛⒆g漢時(shí)會(huì)遇到各種各樣的困難；首先是英文理解難，這是學(xué)習(xí)、使用英文的人的共同感覺(jué)，由于兩國(guó)歷史、文化、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看來(lái)順理成章，而在中國(guó)人看來(lái)卻是顛顛倒倒、斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，極為別扭。二是中文表達(dá)難，英譯漢有時(shí)為了要找到一個(gè)合適的對(duì)等詞匯，往往被弄得頭昏眼花，好象在腦子里摸一個(gè)急于要開(kāi)箱子的鑰匙，卻沒(méi)有。另外，英譯漢時(shí)對(duì)掌握各種文化知識(shí)的要求很高，因?yàn)槲覀兯g的文章，其內(nèi)容可能涉及到極為廣博的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域，而這些知識(shí)領(lǐng)域多半是我們不大熟悉的外國(guó)的事情，如果不具備相應(yīng)的文化知識(shí)難免不出現(xiàn)一些翻譯中的差錯(cuò)或笑話(huà)。正是因?yàn)橛⒆g漢時(shí)會(huì)遇到這么多的困難，所以，我們必須通過(guò)翻譯實(shí)踐，對(duì)英漢兩種不同語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)加以對(duì)比、概況和總結(jié)，以找出一般的表達(dá)規(guī)律來(lái)，避免出現(xiàn)一些不該出現(xiàn)的翻譯錯(cuò)誤，而這些表達(dá)的規(guī)律就是我們所說(shuō)的翻譯技巧。
一、詞義的選擇和引伸技巧
英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都有一詞多類(lèi)和一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。一詞多類(lèi)就是指一個(gè)詞往往屬于幾個(gè)詞類(lèi)，具有幾個(gè)不同的意義；一詞多義就是同一個(gè)詞在同一詞類(lèi)中又往往有幾個(gè)不同的詞義。在英譯漢的過(guò)程中，我們?cè)谂逶浣Y(jié)構(gòu)后，就要善于運(yùn)用選擇和確定原句中關(guān)鍵詞詞義的技巧，以使所譯語(yǔ)句自然流暢，完全符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的說(shuō)法；選擇確定詞義通?？梢詮膬煞矫嬷郑?/p>
1、根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類(lèi)來(lái)選擇和確定詞義
they are as like as two peas.他們相似極了。（形容詞）
he likes mathematics more than physics.他喜歡數(shù)學(xué)甚于喜歡物理。（動(dòng)詞）wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麥、燕麥等等皆系谷類(lèi)。（名詞）
2、根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系來(lái)選擇和確定詞義。he is the last man to come.他是最后來(lái)的。
he is the last person for such a job.他最不配干這個(gè)工作。
he should be the last man to blame.怎么也不該怪他。
this is the last place where i expected to meet you.我怎么也沒(méi)料到會(huì)在這個(gè)地方見(jiàn)到你。
詞義引伸是我們英譯漢時(shí)常用的技巧之一。翻譯時(shí)，有時(shí)會(huì)遇到某些詞在英語(yǔ)辭典上找不到適當(dāng)?shù)脑~義，如果任意硬套或逐詞死譯，就會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀，不能確切表達(dá)原意，甚至?xí)斐烧`解。這時(shí)就應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，從該詞的根本含義出發(fā)，進(jìn)一步加以引伸，引伸時(shí)，往往可以從三個(gè)方面來(lái)加以考慮。
1、詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯。當(dāng)我們遇到一些無(wú)法直譯或不宜直譯的詞或詞組時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，引伸轉(zhuǎn)譯。
the energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat.太陽(yáng)能主要以光和熱的形式傳到地球。
2、詞義具體化。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，把原文中某些詞義較籠統(tǒng)的詞引伸為詞義較具體的詞。
the last stage went higher and took the apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一級(jí)火箭升得更高，把“阿波羅號(hào)”送進(jìn)圍繞地球運(yùn)行的軌道。
3、詞義抽象化。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，把原文中某些詞義較具體的詞引伸為詞義較抽象的詞，或把詞義較形象的詞引伸為詞義較一般的詞。
every life has its roses and thorns.每個(gè)人的生活都有甜有苦。
二、詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧
在英譯漢過(guò)程中，有些句子可以逐詞對(duì)譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式不同，就不能逐詞對(duì)譯，只能將詞類(lèi)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)譯之后，方可使譯文顯得通順、自然；對(duì)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧的運(yùn)用須從四個(gè)方面加以注意。
1、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。英語(yǔ)中的某些名詞、介詞、副詞，翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞。the lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.植物沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)的排泄系統(tǒng)，可用同樣的方式加以說(shuō)明。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）as he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去時(shí)，忘記了穿鞋子。
2、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。英語(yǔ)中的某些動(dòng)詞、形容詞，翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)中的名詞。the earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我們居住的地球，形狀象一個(gè)大球。（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）the doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.醫(yī)生盡了最大的努力來(lái)治療病號(hào)和傷員。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換）
3、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。英語(yǔ)中有些作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的抽象名詞，以及某些形容詞派生的名詞，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的形容詞。另外，當(dāng)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞時(shí)，原來(lái)修飾該動(dòng)詞的副詞也往往隨之轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的形容詞。
it is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷達(dá)探測(cè)水下目標(biāo)是沒(méi)有用的。（作表語(yǔ)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）
the sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.太陽(yáng)對(duì)人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）
4、轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞。英語(yǔ)中的某些名詞、形容詞，翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的副詞。
when he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有 可能反對(duì)他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風(fēng)趣將這些人爭(zhēng)取過(guò)來(lái)。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）
三、漢譯的增詞技巧
英譯漢時(shí)，按意義上、修辭上或句法上的需要加一些詞，使譯文更加忠實(shí)通順地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容；但是，增加的并不是無(wú)中生有，而是要增加原文中雖無(wú)其詞卻有其意的一些詞，這是英譯漢中常用的 的技巧之一。增詞技巧一般分作兩種情況。
1、根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要，可增加下列七類(lèi)詞。flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鮮花滿(mǎn)院盛開(kāi)。（增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞）
after the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly.在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂(lè)會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之后，他疲倦地回到了家里。（增加動(dòng)詞）he sank down with his face in his hands.他兩手蒙著臉，一屁股坐了下去。（增加副詞）i had known two great social systems.那是以前，他就經(jīng)歷過(guò)兩大社會(huì)制度。（增加表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)的詞）
as for me ,i didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢，從一開(kāi)始就不贊成。（增加語(yǔ)氣助詞）the article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets.本文總結(jié)了電子計(jì)算機(jī)、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭這三方面的新成就。（增加概括詞）
2、根據(jù)句法上的需要增補(bǔ)一此詞匯。
reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.讀書(shū)使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,寫(xiě)作使人準(zhǔn)確.(增補(bǔ)原文句子中所省略的動(dòng)詞)all bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.大家都知道地球上的一切物質(zhì)都肯有重量。（增補(bǔ)被動(dòng)句中泛指性的詞）
四、正反、反正漢譯技巧
正反、反正漢譯技巧是指翻譯時(shí)突破原文的形式，采用變換語(yǔ)氣的辦法處理詞句，把肯定的譯成否定的，把否定的譯成肯定的。運(yùn)用這種技巧可以使譯文更加合乎漢語(yǔ)規(guī)范或修辭要求，且不失原意。這種技巧可分五個(gè)方面加以陳述。
1、肯定譯否定
the above facts insist on the following conclusions.上述事實(shí)使人們不能不得出以下結(jié)論。
2、否定譯肯定
she won’t go away until you promise to help her.她要等你答應(yīng)幫助以后才肯走。
3、雙否定譯肯定
there can be no sunshine without shadow 有陽(yáng)光就有陰影。
但是，如果翻譯時(shí)保留英語(yǔ)原來(lái)的“否定之否定”的形式并不影響中文的流暢時(shí)，則應(yīng)保留的目的還可突出原文中婉轉(zhuǎn)的語(yǔ)氣。如he is not unequal to the duty.他并非不稱(chēng)職。
4、正反移位
i don’t think he will come.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來(lái)了。
5、譯為部分否定
not all minerals come from mines.并非所有礦物都來(lái)自礦山。
both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是兩種物質(zhì)都溶于水。
五、漢譯的重復(fù)技巧
重復(fù)技巧是英譯漢中的一種必不可少的翻譯技巧。由于英譯漢時(shí)往往需要重復(fù)原文中的某些詞才能使譯文表達(dá)明確具體；又由于英漢語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)不同，重復(fù)的手段和作用也往往不盡相同，大致可分為三種。
1、為了明確
i had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.我曾碰到過(guò)，不是氧氣設(shè)備了故障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障（重復(fù)名詞）under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at c and steam at 100c.在常壓下，水在攝氏零度時(shí)變成冰，在攝氏一百度時(shí)變成蒸汽。（重復(fù)動(dòng)詞）a locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.一個(gè)地方有一個(gè)地方的全局，一個(gè)國(guó)家有一個(gè)國(guó)家的全局，一個(gè)地球有一個(gè)地球的全局（重復(fù)謂語(yǔ)部分）
2、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)
he wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding and brooding.他在街頭游來(lái)蕩去，想了又想，盤(pán)算了又盤(pán)算。
3、為了生動(dòng)
while stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of are really enormous bodies.星星和星云看起來(lái)只是斑點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，或者是小片的光，但它們確實(shí)是巨大的天體。
六、倒譯技巧
英漢詞句組成和排列的順序千差萬(wàn)別，因此英譯漢時(shí)作些調(diào)整，顛倒一下順序，則是一種極為常見(jiàn)的翻譯技巧，這種翻譯技巧共分五種類(lèi)型。
1、復(fù)合句倒譯技巧。復(fù)合句倒譯可分為部分倒譯和完全倒譯兩種技巧。
this university 6 newly _established faculties ,onic computer ,high energy physics ,laser ,geo-physics ,remote sensing, and genetic engineering.這所大學(xué)現(xiàn)在有電子計(jì)算機(jī)、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遙感技術(shù)、遺傳工程等六個(gè)新建的專(zhuān)業(yè)。（部分倒譯）
many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered.雖然許多自然規(guī)律還沒(méi)被發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是它們確實(shí)在自然界中存在。（完全倒譯）
2、被動(dòng)句倒譯的技巧。被動(dòng)句倒譯時(shí)，有時(shí)可將被動(dòng)句倒譯成主動(dòng)句，有時(shí)可將狀語(yǔ)倒譯成主語(yǔ)。
the structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.雖然我們看不見(jiàn)原子結(jié)構(gòu)，但能準(zhǔn)確地描述它。（被動(dòng)句倒譯成主動(dòng)句）table tennis is played all over china.中國(guó)到處都打乒乓球。（狀語(yǔ)倒譯成主語(yǔ)）
3、以否定型副詞或條件副詞開(kāi)頭的句子的部分倒譯技巧。能引起這種倒譯的副詞有no ,never ,hardly ,no no way ,not until ,not even ,only 等。
never before have i read such an interesting book.我從來(lái)沒(méi)有讀過(guò)這樣有趣的書(shū)。
4、帶有介詞短語(yǔ)句子的部分倒譯技巧
these date will be of some value in our research work.這些資料對(duì)于我們的研究工作有些價(jià)值。
5、習(xí)語(yǔ)的倒譯技巧。習(xí)語(yǔ)的倒譯可分為按照漢語(yǔ)的固定順序倒譯和從輕重上加以區(qū)分進(jìn)行倒譯以及逆時(shí)間順序進(jìn)行倒譯三種技巧。
for its last 600 miles the yellow river flows eastwards through the flat , fertile ,north china plain ,which is densely populated.黃河最后的六百英里，向東流過(guò)平坦肥沃、人口密集的華北平原。（按照漢語(yǔ)的固定順序倒譯）
heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism.救死扶傷，實(shí)行革命的人道主義。（以輕重上區(qū)分進(jìn)行倒譯）
we have to be quick of eye and deft of hand.我們必須眼疾手快。（逆時(shí)間順序倒譯）
七、句子成份的轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧
英漢兩種語(yǔ)言，由于表達(dá)方式不盡相同，在具體英譯漢時(shí)，有時(shí)往往需要轉(zhuǎn)換一下句子成分，才能使譯達(dá)到邏輯正確、通順流暢、重點(diǎn)突出等目的。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯作為翻譯的一種技巧，其內(nèi)容和形式都比較豐富，運(yùn)用范圍也相當(dāng)廣泛，共包括五個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容。
1、主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧，可以將句子的主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。the wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.機(jī)翼的用途是使飛機(jī)在空中保持不墜。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)）
to get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.為了使火箭各級(jí)全部離開(kāi)地面，需要有一個(gè)巨大的第一次推力。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ)）machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.因?yàn)闄C(jī)械的緣故，工廠里出的產(chǎn)品比起以前來(lái)，價(jià)格便宜多了。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)）
2、謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧?？梢詫⒅^語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)。
radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight.雷達(dá)的工作原理和手電筒極為相同。
3、賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧?？梢詫①e語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)。
automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms.各種自動(dòng)車(chē)床的作用基本相同，但形式不同
4、定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。定語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的質(zhì)量略大于質(zhì)子的質(zhì)量。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)）
scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.現(xiàn)在已給該縣科學(xué)家提供了必要的圖書(shū)、儀器和助手，以保證科研工作的成功。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)）
5、狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯一般指的是狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)譯。它可分作把時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句，把地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句和把原因狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成困果偏正復(fù)句中的主語(yǔ)等三種形式。
these three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white.紅色、綠色和紫色這三種顏色如果合在一起就變成白色。（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句）
where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.如果光束通道上沒(méi)有東西，就什么也看不到。（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句）because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.他深信這件事正確可靠，因此堅(jiān)持已見(jiàn)。（原因狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成因果偏正復(fù)合句中的主句）
八、分句、合句漢譯技巧
英譯漢時(shí)，由于兩種語(yǔ)言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)大不相同而往往需要改變一下句子結(jié)構(gòu)以適應(yīng)于漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。采用分句、合句進(jìn)行翻譯的作法正是為了達(dá)到這種目的而運(yùn)用的一種重要技巧。所謂分句，就是指把原文的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子；所謂合名，就是指把原文的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句或一個(gè)復(fù)合句譯成一個(gè)單句。運(yùn)用這種分句、合句的漢譯技巧可以使譯文層次分明，更合乎于漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。分句流譯的技巧共分五種類(lèi)型，合句漢譯的技巧共分三種類(lèi)型。先談?wù)劮志錆h譯技巧的五種類(lèi)型。
1、主語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧。
a man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.一個(gè)人如果在月亮上度過(guò)了十二天，回到地球以后就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一年已經(jīng)過(guò)去了。
2、謂語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧。
it goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧氣是大氣中最活潑的元素。
3、定語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧
he managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然種出了二百個(gè)奇跡般的西紅柿，每個(gè)重達(dá)兩磅。
4、狀語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧 sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.陽(yáng)光射入了它所能透過(guò)的地方，趕走了黑暗，驅(qū)散了幽影。
5、同位語(yǔ)分句漢譯技巧。
mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.瑪麗平常是個(gè)靦腆的姑娘，現(xiàn)在也熱烈地和他們辯論起來(lái)。
一、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析
一般來(lái)說(shuō), 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面:(1)修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;(2)并列成分多;(3)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
(3)分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ), 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4)分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。
(5)注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。
下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)行分析:
orists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)該句的主語(yǔ)為behaviorists, 謂語(yǔ)為suggest, 賓語(yǔ)為一個(gè)從句, 因此整個(gè)句子為behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)該句共有五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句;who is raised in an environment為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child;where there are many stimuli為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli;在suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 主語(yǔ)為child, 謂語(yǔ)為experience, 賓語(yǔ)為greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)為: 行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。
a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.(85年考題)
分析:(1)該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較。
(2)該句中共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)為第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。
(3)句首的for a family of four作狀語(yǔ), 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ): for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 修飾to sit comfortably at home.綜合上述翻譯方法，這個(gè)句子我們可以翻譯為：
譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來(lái)說(shuō), 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂(lè)節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、長(zhǎng)句的翻譯
英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語(yǔ)則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí), 要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異, 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解, 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯過(guò)程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1)順序法。當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如:
when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考題)
分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成, 共有五層意思: a.既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí);b.電仍在為我們工作;c.幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱;d.加熱水;e.或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過(guò)順序法, 把該句翻譯成:
即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考題)
分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“it is realized that…”, it為形式主語(yǔ), that引導(dǎo)著主語(yǔ)從句以及并列的it is even possible to …結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語(yǔ), the time …是“expectation of life”的同位語(yǔ), 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語(yǔ)從句。五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義: a.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到;b.其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的;c.人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”;d.將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整, 整個(gè)句子就翻譯為:
可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說(shuō), 經(jīng)過(guò)若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡。
下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:
to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique inspaniduals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。
method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況, 也能用來(lái)找到很不相同的各種問(wèn)題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類(lèi)一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”
begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我們對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好起源于我們最初僅對(duì)一些歷史上的宏偉場(chǎng)面和激動(dòng)人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣;其后, 這種愛(ài)好變得成熟起來(lái), 我們開(kāi)始對(duì)歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復(fù)雜性, 對(duì)歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣;對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好, 最終以我們對(duì)人類(lèi)生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束。對(duì)死去的, 無(wú)論是偉大與平凡, 所有在這個(gè)地球上走過(guò)而已逝的人，都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。
parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備, 而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長(zhǎng), 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志, 他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳?duì)的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去。
(2)逆序法。英語(yǔ)有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開(kāi)始翻譯。例如:
um remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句, 兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: a.鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn);b.由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁;c.由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;e.鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。按照漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:
鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。
therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 該句由一個(gè)主句, 一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句組成, “……變得越來(lái)越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 包含三層含義: a.……變的越來(lái)越重要;b.如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì);c.得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 翻譯成:
因此, 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì), 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。
下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:
is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來(lái)越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō), 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴(lài)以為生的體力勞動(dòng), 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。
例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)任何人都不可能視而不見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象, 窮知識(shí)分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國(guó)典型的窮人, 正是這個(gè)時(shí)候大批大學(xué)生被趕進(jìn)了知識(shí)分子的貧民窟。
is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。
s would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們, 昆蟲(chóng)將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子, 分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。例如:
number of the young people in the united states who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯, 就可能被翻譯成:
沒(méi)有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。
這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 因此, 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為:
大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。
sion, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考題)
分析: 在此長(zhǎng)句中, 有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)“it is often said”, 三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, 這三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子,但都有獨(dú)立的意義, 因此在翻譯時(shí), 可以采用分句法, 按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句, 結(jié)果為:
人們常說(shuō), 通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事, 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的新節(jié)目。
下面我們?cè)倥e一個(gè)例子:
they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考題)
他們所必須做的只是按一下開(kāi)關(guān)。開(kāi)關(guān)一開(kāi), 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇, 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問(wèn)題的辯論、最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話(huà)下。
gh perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。
(4)綜合法。上面我們講述了英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實(shí)上,在翻譯一個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。例如:
were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 該句共有三層含義: a: 人們不敢出門(mén);b: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況;c: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無(wú)能為力。在這三層含義中, b表示讓步, c表示原因, 而a則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:
盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門(mén), 因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o(wú)能為力。
下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)例子:
scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.對(duì)于現(xiàn)代書(shū)籍, 特別是教科書(shū)來(lái)說(shuō), 要是作者希望自己書(shū)中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話(huà), 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時(shí)間, 將書(shū)中的內(nèi)容重新修改。
his cue from ibsen's a doll's house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來(lái)對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示, 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢(qián)來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己, 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。
to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個(gè)世紀(jì), 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)、商業(yè)往來(lái)、政府部門(mén)以及娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。
英譯漢是運(yùn)用漢語(yǔ)把英語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的思想準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。而英譯漢的過(guò)程則是 正確理解英語(yǔ)原文和創(chuàng)造性地用漢語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)原文的過(guò)程, 在英譯漢的過(guò)程中, 有兩點(diǎn)值得我們特別地注 意:
(1)漢語(yǔ)所要表達(dá)的是英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容, 即句子或文章的意義, 而不是句子結(jié)構(gòu);
(2)在翻譯過(guò)程中, 英語(yǔ)原文的內(nèi)容要準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)，而不是將兩種語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的轉(zhuǎn)換。
因此,在做英譯 漢的題目時(shí), 漢語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的意義應(yīng)與原文保持一致, 而漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)只是為這一表達(dá)服務(wù), 而不應(yīng)拘泥 于原文。另外, 應(yīng)付英譯漢考試和一般的從事翻譯創(chuàng)作不同, 因?yàn)楦髯杂胁煌暮饬繕?biāo)準(zhǔn), 翻譯創(chuàng)作的標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)為“信、達(dá)、雅”, 而英譯漢考試則只要做到“忠實(shí)、通順”即可。要做到忠實(shí)原文,就應(yīng)該掌握好適 度原則, 即要把原文的內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確完整地表達(dá)出來(lái), 既不能改變和歪曲, 也不能增加或刪減。例如, he is seriously ill.這本來(lái)是一個(gè)極為簡(jiǎn)單的句子, 可將其翻譯為“他病得歷害”或“他病得很重 ”, 但有人為了追求譯文所謂的“漂亮”, 把它譯成“他茍延殘喘”, 這就給譯文增加了 一定的感情色彩, 違背了忠實(shí)的原則, 反而得不償失。要做到通順, 就必須把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成合乎漢語(yǔ)規(guī) 范的漢語(yǔ), 譯文必須是明白通暢的現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ), 即不能逐字逐詞的死譯, 也不能生吞活剝。例如, his addi tion completed the list.有人將該句翻譯成“他的加入結(jié)束了名單”或“他的加入完成了名單 ”, 這樣的翻譯盡管可以使讀者能勉強(qiáng)看懂, 但總使人有別扭之感, 根本不象是地道的漢語(yǔ), 根本 就不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 關(guān)于上句, 我們不妨把它翻譯為“把他添上, 名單(上的人)就全了”, 這樣采取靈活的方法, 沒(méi)有生硬地套用原文的結(jié)構(gòu), 就使得譯文合乎漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣, 使人容易看懂, 讀起 來(lái)也順口多了。英譯漢的過(guò)程包括理解, 分析句架表達(dá)和校核三個(gè)階段, 理解是表達(dá)的前提, 若不能正確地理解原文就談不上確切的表達(dá), 但理解與表達(dá)通常是互相聯(lián)系, 往返反復(fù)的過(guò)程, 在進(jìn)行漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)的時(shí)候, 又可以進(jìn)一步加深對(duì)原文的理解, 因此, 在英譯漢的過(guò)程中, 往往需要考生從英語(yǔ)到漢語(yǔ), 再?gòu)臐h語(yǔ)到英語(yǔ)反復(fù)的推敲。
一、理 解
理解階段的目的在于讀懂英語(yǔ)原文, 弄清原文的意思。為了透徹理解原文, 建議考生在復(fù)習(xí)和應(yīng)試時(shí)采取下列步驟:
(1)通讀全文。通讀全文的目的在于從整體上把握整篇文章的內(nèi)容，理解劃線的部分與文章其他部分之間的語(yǔ)法與邏輯關(guān)系。在段落中要搞清劃線的句子和其他句子之間的關(guān)系, 特別要弄清代詞it, they, them, this, that, these, those other所指代的詞或詞組。這些詞和詞組有時(shí)在劃線的部分就能找到，有時(shí)則要到前面有關(guān)的句子中去找，這樣的例子在今年的試題中是很多的。如: 92年的英譯漢考題第一小題的英文為: there is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.在該句子中有the term一詞, 那么它指代的是什么呢? 只有通過(guò)閱讀上下文才能搞清楚, 而有的考生只是單純地把它翻譯為“這一術(shù)語(yǔ)”, 但是,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案中, 該詞被翻譯成“智力”, 因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò)上下文我們很容易地看出它指的是“智力”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)。再比如在93年的考題中的英譯漢部分的第二題的句子為“it is not that scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.” 在這個(gè)句子中，the scales in the one case, the balance in the other, the former, the latter等的含義都是在把握全文的基礎(chǔ)之上才能掌握的，也只有這樣我們才能做出正確的翻譯。目前市場(chǎng)上的一些復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)書(shū)主張考生不用通讀全文，我們認(rèn)為這是很不可取的，因?yàn)楣铝⒌亻喿x劃線部分的英語(yǔ)，往往無(wú)法理解該部分的真正含義。一篇好的文章, 其前后的意思都互相關(guān)聯(lián), 具有很強(qiáng)的邏輯性, 一個(gè)單詞或句子只有在具體的上下文中才能體現(xiàn)出確切的含義來(lái), 這就是為什么我們有時(shí)看完一本書(shū)或一篇文章之后才對(duì)上文中的某個(gè)難以理解的地方“恍然大悟”。因此,上下文能幫助我們正確的理解劃線的部分, 通讀全文是很重要的。但是, 在通讀全文的過(guò)程中應(yīng)該注意，對(duì)非劃線的部分不要花費(fèi)時(shí)間過(guò)多，對(duì)于其中一些不太容易理解的內(nèi)容也不必太在意，只是搞清大體意義即可。因?yàn)橥ㄗx全文的目的在于幫助自己理解劃線的部分, 只要能把該部分理解透徹也就足夠了。
(2)分析劃線部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者往往具有非常好的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，在做翻譯試題時(shí)也應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮和利用這一優(yōu)勢(shì)。從近年來(lái)的研究生入學(xué)試題來(lái)看，劃線的部分一般來(lái)說(shuō)結(jié)構(gòu)句子都比較復(fù)雜。例如, 1994年的第二小題, “in short, a leader of the new school contends, ”the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and the use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.像這樣復(fù)雜的句子如果不搞清楚它的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu), 很難達(dá)到正確完整地理解原文的要求。在分析劃線的部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，我們要注意首先把句子的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)找出來(lái)，這樣句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)也就清楚了，在分析句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)還應(yīng)該注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方，主句和從句之間的關(guān)系是否明確等等，在此我們?cè)俅翁嵝芽忌⒁?，正確地把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是進(jìn)行正確地翻譯的關(guān)鍵，如果連句子結(jié)構(gòu)還沒(méi)有搞清楚，就匆忙地動(dòng)筆翻譯，肯定是不會(huì)有好的結(jié)果的，在往屆的考生中，這樣的教訓(xùn)屢見(jiàn)不鮮。下面我們以1996年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題的第72題來(lái)說(shuō)明句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析方法：
this trend began during the second world war, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為this trend began during the second world war, when…, when是一個(gè)關(guān)系副詞，在這個(gè)句子中引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的名詞the second world war。而在when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，主句是several governments came to the conclusion …, that引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，做conclusion的同位語(yǔ)。在這個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中，主句是the specific demands… cannot generally be foreseen…, that是關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的名詞demands。這樣通過(guò)我們進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析，在搞清楚句子的具體結(jié)構(gòu)之后，在動(dòng)筆翻譯也就簡(jiǎn)單多了。也只有劃清句架結(jié)構(gòu)，我們才能知道如何翻譯。例如上句中如果我們把when作為狀語(yǔ)從句，譯成“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”就要被扣掉0??5分。如果把demand當(dāng)成動(dòng)詞，也要扣0??5分。
(3)理解分析劃線部分的含義。考生不僅要弄清句子中所有實(shí)詞和虛詞的詞匯意義, 還要理解全句的整體意義。理解句子的依據(jù)除了句子本身之外, 還有該句子所處的具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。在此階段應(yīng)清楚下列問(wèn)題: a.句子中是否 含有代詞和其他具有指代意義的詞, 如果有, 應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文確定它們指代的內(nèi)容是什么;b.句子中的短語(yǔ)和一些常 用的詞往往具有多種含義和用法, 那么, 在該句中它們的具體含義是什么;c.按照你的理解, 該部分的意義是否與 全篇文章的內(nèi)容一致, 有無(wú)相互矛盾。總之, 在動(dòng)手翻譯之前, 首先要讀懂原文, 不要一上來(lái)就急于動(dòng)手翻譯, 這 樣做往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一種情況: 該題快要翻譯完了, 猛然又發(fā)現(xiàn)自己理解有誤,馬上就急忙修改, 搞的卷面上一塌糊涂, 而且很容易忙中出錯(cuò), 把本應(yīng)拿到的分?jǐn)?shù)丟掉了, 這是非常令人可惜的。例如，某年的英譯漢試題中有這樣一句要 求翻譯的句子: the capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, and techniques of processing.一位考生把它翻譯成“使用原料的能力取決于各種各樣 的因素, 例如,接近的方法, 提取的方法和加工技術(shù)?！?很顯然, 這為考生并未完全理解這句話(huà)的意思, 原文列出 的三個(gè)因素, 是指獲得某種原材料的三個(gè)過(guò)程, 即探礦、開(kāi)采和冶煉, 因此, ”means of access”, “methods of extraction” 和“techniques of processing” 應(yīng)該分別譯為“鉆探手段”、“開(kāi)采方法”和“冶煉技術(shù)”, 那么, 整個(gè)句子就可翻譯為“利用一種原材料能力的大小取決于各種各樣的因素, 比如,鉆探手段、開(kāi)采方法和 冶煉技術(shù)?！?/p>
二、表 達(dá)
表達(dá)就是譯者把自己從英語(yǔ)原文理解的內(nèi)容用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái), 表達(dá)的好壞取決與譯者對(duì)于英語(yǔ)原文的理解程度以及漢語(yǔ)的修養(yǎng)水平。理解是表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)，表達(dá)是理解的結(jié)果，但是理解正確并不意味著一定會(huì)有正確的表達(dá)，許多考生反映，有時(shí)對(duì)原文理解之后還不知如何用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)，就充分說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樵诒磉_(dá)上還存在許多具體的方法和技巧。關(guān)于這些方法和技巧我們將在后面詳細(xì)論述, 在此我們只是介紹兩中基本的翻譯方法: 直譯和意譯。
(1)直譯。所謂直譯, 就是在譯文語(yǔ)言條件許可時(shí), 在譯文中既保持原文的內(nèi)容, 又保持原文的形式。在漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言中存在著許多共同之處，在對(duì)于許多英語(yǔ)句子的翻譯過(guò)程中, 完全可以采取直譯的方法, 這樣可以獲得一舉兩得之功效, 既保持了原文的結(jié)構(gòu), 又正確表達(dá)了原文的內(nèi)容。但是直譯不是死譯和硬譯,象“it is asserted that …;it is believed that …”這一類(lèi)的結(jié)構(gòu), 如果直譯過(guò)來(lái)那就不倫不類(lèi)了。
(2)意譯。漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)分別屬于不同的語(yǔ)系, 兩者在詞匯、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)方法上具有很多的差異。當(dāng)原文的思想內(nèi)容與譯文的表達(dá)形式有矛盾不易采用直譯的方法處理時(shí), 就應(yīng)采用意譯法, 意譯就是不拘泥于原文的形式, 重點(diǎn)在于正確表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。例如:“do you see any green in my eye?” 象這樣的句子, 只能采取意譯的方法, 把它翻譯為“你以為我是好欺騙的嗎?” 當(dāng)然, 意譯并不等于亂譯,胡亂地翻譯是不符合“忠實(shí)”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。
在具體的翻譯過(guò)程中, 我們應(yīng)該采取靈活的方法, 不論是直譯還是意譯, 只要是符合“忠實(shí)、通順”的翻譯原則, 都是可取的。在這里我們建議考生對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜的句子可以先采取直譯的方法，然后再對(duì)直譯得出得結(jié)果進(jìn)行加工潤(rùn)色，在保持原來(lái)句子意義的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，用既符合原文的意義又符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的句子表達(dá)出來(lái)。例如，我們?cè)谏厦娣治龅?996年考題中的第72題我們可以首先直譯為：
這種趨勢(shì)開(kāi)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，當(dāng)時(shí)一些政府得出這樣的結(jié)論，政府希望對(duì)科研部門(mén)所提出的特定的要求，總的來(lái)說(shuō)還不能非常具體的預(yù)見(jiàn)到。
然后，我們對(duì)上述譯文進(jìn)行加工潤(rùn)色，就可以得出下面的結(jié)果：
這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論，政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法預(yù)見(jiàn)的。
在翻譯的過(guò)程中, 我們務(wù)必注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)理解透徹之后再動(dòng)手表達(dá), 否則表達(dá)的結(jié)果會(huì)令人莫名其妙;
(2)切忌在翻譯時(shí)把漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)對(duì)號(hào)入座, 逐字逐句的對(duì)號(hào)入座的結(jié)果往往是不倫不類(lèi);
(3)切忌擅自增減詞意, 增減意義與翻譯技巧中經(jīng)常提到的增詞法與減詞法根本就不是一回事。
三、校 核
校核階段是理解與表達(dá)的進(jìn)一步深化, 是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步核實(shí)以及對(duì)譯文語(yǔ)言進(jìn)一步推敲的階段, 因此, 校核是翻譯過(guò)程中一個(gè)很重要的階段, 并不是可有可無(wú)的, 通過(guò)表達(dá)之后的校核, 我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)譯文的一些問(wèn)題, 確保自己理解的內(nèi)容很有把握地得到分?jǐn)?shù)。在校核階段, 一般應(yīng)注意與下列各項(xiàng)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題:
(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和數(shù)字等;
(2)漢語(yǔ)譯文的詞與句有無(wú)錯(cuò)漏;(3)修改譯文中譯錯(cuò)或表達(dá)不夠準(zhǔn)確的句子、詞組或詞匯;
(4)有無(wú)錯(cuò)別字;
(5)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否有誤。
北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書(shū)篇五
英譯漢
chapter one 詞義的選擇、引申和褒貶 一．詞義的選擇
（一）根據(jù)詞性 he likes are shining like knows like.(二)根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系 he is the last man to do should be the last to is the last man to is the last person for such a job.二．詞義的引申
（一）將詞義做抽象化的引申
1．將表示具體形象的詞譯成該形象代表的屬性
every life has its roses and thorns.每個(gè)人的生活有甜有苦。there is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of them.他們的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。
2．將帶有特征性形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的詞 see-sawing between partly good and faintly bad 時(shí)好時(shí)壞這兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn) their troops goosestepped into power.他們的軍隊(duì)耀武揚(yáng)威地奪取了政權(quán)。
（二）將詞義做具體化的引申
the car in front of me stopped and i missed the green.我前面的車(chē)停下來(lái)了，我錯(cuò)過(guò)了綠燈。
三．詞義的褒貶
（一）英語(yǔ)中有些詞本身具有褒貶意義 he was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。
his notoriety didn’t come until his death.他的惡名是他死后才傳開(kāi)的。
（二）中立意義的詞在上下文中譯出褒貶
the politician talked about his hopes and ambitions.我們要求他談了他的希望和抱負(fù)
he had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺騙了我，使我成了他進(jìn)行罪惡勾當(dāng)?shù)墓ぞ摺?/p>
練習(xí): information technology will be at the heart of global economic competition in the 21st century.信息技術(shù)將成為21世紀(jì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的中心。
the largest american cities are a spanerse group, but they share certain problems.美國(guó)的大城市形形色色，卻有許多共同的問(wèn)題。
the expansion of educational opportunities promoted the american ideal of equal opportunity for all.由于教育不斷普及，推動(dòng)了機(jī)遇面前人人平等的美國(guó)理想的實(shí)現(xiàn)。race relations in the us continue to be a thorny problem.美國(guó)的種族關(guān)系一直是棘手的問(wèn)題。
the spanerse population presents great challenges to the society, racism and discrimination remain problems.多民族的人口結(jié)構(gòu)也給社會(huì)帶來(lái)一定的問(wèn)題，種族歧視和偏見(jiàn)依然存在。
both newspapers and magazines are heavily dependent on advertising for financial support.報(bào)紙和雜志的經(jīng)費(fèi)來(lái)源主要是依靠廣告收入。
geography has given the us extensive and accessible resources, fertile land, and a beneficial climate.地理位置為美國(guó)提供了豐富的可利用資源，肥沃的土地和有利的氣候。the percentage of us children living without their father present has ballooned.美國(guó)沒(méi)有父親的單親孩子比例激增。
the american greeting card and decoration industries encourage the celebration of both religious and secular holidays.美國(guó)的節(jié)日賀卡和裝飾業(yè)增添了宗教節(jié)日和習(xí)俗節(jié)日的歡樂(lè)氣氛。
between 1689 and 1763, great britain and france fought a series of wars which involved the north american colonies.1689年至1763年間英法兩國(guó)連年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，使北美的歐洲殖民地也卷入其中。
the modern american economy has never been completely free from government involvement。現(xiàn)代美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)從來(lái)沒(méi)有完全脫離過(guò)政府的干預(yù)。
the increase in dink families has shattered the traditional idea of chinese family。丁克家庭的增長(zhǎng)沖擊了傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)家庭觀念。
chapter two 詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯 一．轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞 1．名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞
rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已用來(lái)探索宇宙。
2．含有動(dòng)詞意味的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞
the sight and sound of our plane filled me with special longing.看到我們的飛機(jī)，聽(tīng)到飛機(jī)的聲音，令我特別神往。
3．英語(yǔ)中以er結(jié)尾的名詞在句中不指身份和職業(yè)，而含有動(dòng)詞意味，譯為動(dòng)詞 i think my sister is a better singer than i.我認(rèn)為我姐姐比我唱的好。二．轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞 1．名詞派生的動(dòng)詞
formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關(guān)系有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)就是以禮相待。2．名詞轉(zhuǎn)化的動(dòng)詞
this machine is designed to burn up if overused.這個(gè)機(jī)器，按其設(shè)計(jì)，如果過(guò)度使用就會(huì)燒毀。
練習(xí)：
for millions of immigrants, the statue of liberty was their first sight of the promising land.數(shù)百萬(wàn)移民踏上這片充滿(mǎn)希望的土地，第一眼看到的是自由女神像。
one thing that often leads people to move is the desire for better climate, more attractive scenery, more agreeable living.導(dǎo)致人們遷居的原因往往是向往宜人的氣候，迷人的景色和愜意的生活。
the american airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.過(guò)去的20年中，美國(guó)的航空運(yùn)輸業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。
the growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.財(cái)富逐漸集中在少數(shù)人手中，引發(fā)了許多社會(huì)問(wèn)題和政治問(wèn)題。
population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增長(zhǎng)是自然增長(zhǎng)和不斷移民的結(jié)果。
the american economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的組織方式是個(gè)人所有制，合伙制和公司制。
chapter three 分句 合句法 一．分句法
（一）把原句中一個(gè)單詞譯成句子 1．副詞
they, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他們根本沒(méi)有答復(fù)，這是不足為奇。2．形容詞
he talked with understandable pride about his daughter.他在談到他女兒的時(shí)候很自豪，這是可以理解的。3．名詞
the inside of each house depended on the personality of its owner.每個(gè)房間內(nèi)怎樣的布置，這要看各個(gè)使用者的性格了。
(二)把短語(yǔ)翻譯成句子 1．名詞短語(yǔ)
energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅，這是一條普遍公認(rèn)的規(guī)律。2．介詞短語(yǔ)
their power increased with their number.他們?nèi)藬?shù)增加了，力量也隨之增加。
(三)把原文中的一個(gè)句子拆開(kāi), 變成兩個(gè)句子
another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.如果該地區(qū)再次發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng), 顯然會(huì)使國(guó)際關(guān)系處于緊張狀態(tài)。
his failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有遵守安全規(guī)則，機(jī)器出了故障。
二．合句法
（一）把原文中兩個(gè)或以上的簡(jiǎn)單句譯成一個(gè)句子
there are men here from all over the of them are from the north.從全國(guó)各地來(lái)的人中有許多是北方人。
（二）把原文中的主從復(fù)合句譯成一句
when we praise the chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.我們對(duì)中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和中國(guó)人民的贊揚(yáng)不僅僅是處于禮貌。
練習(xí): americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.美國(guó)人有獨(dú)立的精神，有自主的權(quán)利，并為此感到自豪。
the popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.電視普及，盜版問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重，導(dǎo)致了電影業(yè)的衰落。
hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter.由于受季風(fēng)影響，夏威夷一年四季如春，春夏秋冬，白天黑夜，溫差很小。
americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.與大部分工業(yè)化國(guó)家相比，美國(guó)人休假時(shí)間短，休假次數(shù)少。
the importance of strengthening ties between the us and china will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.隨著新世紀(jì)的開(kāi)始，加強(qiáng)美中關(guān)系變得越來(lái)越重要。
growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.某些產(chǎn)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力日益短缺，將使工人更有權(quán)利要求較高的工資。
new york has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.紐約已經(jīng)成為西方世界最具影響力的大城市之一，目前人口已達(dá)800萬(wàn)。
despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the us.雖然美國(guó)是個(gè)富裕的國(guó)家，但全國(guó)仍然存在著貧窮和嚴(yán)重的收入差別問(wèn)題。
the researchers want to perfect cloning in cows because of the large market for expensive high-quality beef.科研人員希望完善克隆牛技術(shù)，因?yàn)榘嘿F的高質(zhì)牛肉市場(chǎng)龐大。
chapter four 定語(yǔ)從句 一．限制性定從
（一）前置法
there will come a day when people of the world live a happy life under the sun of socialism.全世界人民在社會(huì)主義陽(yáng)光下過(guò)幸福生活的一天是會(huì)到來(lái)的。
（二）后置法
1．譯成并列分句，重復(fù)英語(yǔ)先行詞 they are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every chinese and for which, in the past, many chinese have laid down their lives.他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力，這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍惜的，在過(guò)去，許多中國(guó)人曾為此犧牲了自己的生命。
he unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and spirit to this career which today helps him reach his goal.他把自己非凡的才智和精力無(wú)私地獻(xiàn)給了這項(xiàng)事業(yè)，而這項(xiàng)事業(yè)今天已使他實(shí)現(xiàn)了目標(biāo)。2．譯成并列分句，省略英語(yǔ)先行詞
it is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.是他接到那封信，說(shuō)他的叔叔去世了。
（三）融合法
there are many people who want to see the film.許多人要看這部電影。二．非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
（一）前置法
her laughter, which was very infectious, broke the silence.她的富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉默。
（二）后置法 1．譯成并列分句
（1）從句后置，重復(fù)關(guān)系詞代表的含義
they toured the forbidden city, where the chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.他們參觀了紫禁城，從前的中國(guó)皇帝曾在那里過(guò)著奢華顯赫的生活。（2）從句后置，省略關(guān)系詞代表的含義
after dinner, they resumed their talk, which continued well into the night.飯后，他們繼續(xù)會(huì)談，直到深夜。
（3）從句前置，重復(fù)關(guān)系詞代表的含義
this war, however, more complex than the last one, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.上一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是帝國(guó)主義列強(qiáng)之間爭(zhēng)奪市場(chǎng)，資源和領(lǐng)土的沖突，而這次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)卻比上一次復(fù)雜。
2．譯成獨(dú)立句
he had talked to the president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和總統(tǒng)談過(guò)話(huà)，總統(tǒng)向他保證，凡是能作到的都將去做。
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