在日常的學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生活中，肯定對各類范文都很熟悉吧。大家想知道怎么樣才能寫一篇比較優(yōu)質(zhì)的范文嗎？下面是小編為大家收集的優(yōu)秀范文，供大家參考借鑒，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇一
total accepted:511total submissions:2271
given a sorted integer array without duplicates, return the summary of its ranges.
for example, given
[0,1,2,4,5,7]
, return[“0->2”,“4->5”,“7”].
[思路]兩個(gè)指針 start, end. 如果nums[end+1] = nums[end]+1, 就移動(dòng)end指針, 否則, 插入字符串nums[start]->nums[end].
[code]
public class solution { // [0,1,2,4,5,7], return [“0->2”,“4->5”,“7”]. public list
summaryranges(int[] nums) { list
res = new arraylist(); if(nums==null || ;1) return res; int s=0, e=0; while(e
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇二【雅思閱讀題型解析】填空題summary題
總的來說，雅思閱讀summary填空題主要有兩種形式：
一種是單詞填空式，這種形式主要針對文章全文或者部分段落寫出的一篇摘要，空出若干空格，要求考生從文章中尋找相應(yīng)的單詞進(jìn)行填空。
另一種是單詞選擇式，就是在第一種形式的基礎(chǔ)上，額外提供了一個(gè)詞庫，要求考生從詞庫中選詞填空。
下面環(huán)球雅思將詳細(xì)講解如何快速而有效的解答這兩種形式的summary填空題。
一、單詞填空式
解題策略：對于單詞填空式題，一般把握三個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息： 邏輯關(guān)系詞，語法屬性，定位。
首先，觀察空格前后是否有語義間有邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞，即邏輯關(guān)系詞推斷。
這類表示空格前后內(nèi)容邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞主要包括：
①表示因果關(guān)系的詞，如because，as，since，for，due to，thanks to，as a result of等。 在考試中，在因果關(guān)系中除了一些連接詞的銜接外，還有一些表示因果關(guān)系的大詞，如trigger，breed，induce，engender，generate，be responsible for，affect，determine等，這些詞在語義中隱含了因果關(guān)系。 所以也是考生在解題中值得注意的。
②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞，如but，however，while，yet，instead，rather，whereas等
③表示讓步關(guān)系的詞，如despite，in spite of，although等
④表示并列關(guān)系的詞，如and，both…and…，neither…nor等
⑤表示舉例關(guān)系的詞，如such as，for example等
觀察有無這類詞的目的在于為了回原文定位時(shí)，能縮小尋找范圍，使定位更加準(zhǔn)確。 在文章閱讀中，題目中的某些單詞會(huì)進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換而變得面目全非，但是句意不會(huì)變，語義關(guān)系不會(huì)變，這是最可靠的定位依據(jù)。從而邏輯關(guān)系詞對于考生在解題中把握語義間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系起了關(guān)鍵作用。
如劍橋4 test 2 passage 1 lost for words 一篇中的summary 題中
this great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___q1______。 but in today’s world，factors such as government initiatives and ____q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages。 one factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____q3_____。
解題中，對于q1很多考生把geographical作為定位詞，所以回到原文幾乎是大海撈針。 但是這一題中由 as a result of 這一層因果關(guān)系給出啟示： 空格處為原因。 前半句的great variety of language 表示結(jié)果。 所以從這一因果關(guān)系切入，可以在文中找到定位句 “isolation breeds linguistic spanersity”，isolation 導(dǎo)致great variety of languages，所以答案為isolation。 再看q2，這一題中體現(xiàn)出多層語義關(guān)系。首先空格處和government initiatives 構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，其次這一并列詞組隸屬于上義詞factors，即并列詞組是因素之一。最后這些因素是導(dǎo)致語言數(shù)量下降的原因。 所以結(jié)合這層層關(guān)系，加以government initiatives 定位詞的輔助，就可以找到定位句”…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalization”，即答案為economic globalization。對于q3，雖然沒有傳統(tǒng)的因果信號詞，但是one factor 已經(jīng)給出因果關(guān)系的信號，要求考生所填的是使語言不至于消亡的因素，所以只需回到原文找提到預(yù)防語言消亡的方法的出題處。
其次，預(yù)測空格處所填的語法屬性，即語法屬性判斷。
為了使所找的答案萬無一失，還需要對空格處進(jìn)行語法判斷，這樣一來，可以縮小選擇的范圍，使答案更加精確。 語法屬性大致包括空格的詞性，單復(fù)數(shù)以及句子成分。
如果空格前為形容詞，那么空格處應(yīng)為名詞; 空格前為副詞，那么空格處應(yīng)為動(dòng)詞或形容詞; 如果空格后面是be動(dòng)詞，那么空格應(yīng)為名詞復(fù)數(shù)或形容詞。 從這些小細(xì)節(jié)可以看出雅思閱讀考查的細(xì)膩。
以cambridge 5 test 1 passage 1 johnson’s dictionary 中的summary 為例
having rented a garret he took on a number of _____，who stood at a long central desk。
根據(jù)預(yù)測，空格處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)名詞，再根據(jù)后面的定語從句，再次精確到填表示人的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 很多考生回原文找到assistants。 的確，assistants s看似符合我們的預(yù)測，但是卻忽略了定語從句中的關(guān)鍵限制性的詞組stood at a long desk。 所以根據(jù)這個(gè)限定，回原文找到對應(yīng)的the copying clerks would work standing up。 因此正確答案是copying clerks或clerks。
再者，根據(jù)順序原則在空格前后找定位關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位。
總的來說，摘要填空題有一定的順序原則，即填空題的出題順序往往是按照文章段落的順序。 結(jié)合這一題型特點(diǎn)，考生可以通過定位關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，無需從頭至尾的閱讀完整篇文章。
再以cambridge 5 test 1 passage 1 johnson’s dictionary 中的summary 為例
johnson did not have a ____q5______ available to him，but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40，000 words written down in 80 large notebooks。 on publication，the dictionary was immediately hailed in many european countries as a landmark。 according to his biographer，james boswell，johnson’s principal achievement was to bring ___q6_____ to the english language。 as a reward for his hard work，he was granted a ___q7____ by the king。
q5中根據(jù)特殊定位詞40，000和80 ，直接回到原文鎖定定位句，然后通過預(yù)測判斷出空格處所填的答案是一名詞，而且離空格較近的地方有表示否定的概念 “did not have”，因此找到數(shù)字定位詞后看定位句中是否有提到j(luò)ohnson 沒有什么。 根據(jù)原文中的without a library to hand，可以推斷出所填的答案應(yīng)是library。
再看q6，這一題中的定位詞很容易定位到人名 james boswell，再加上另一個(gè)獨(dú)特的名詞principal achievement，能幫助考生較快鎖定到倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句 “it is the cornerstone of standard english，an achievement which，in james boswell’s words，‘conferred stability on the language of his country’?！?然后根據(jù)語法屬性的預(yù)測，得知所填的空做bring 的賓語，所以找到給英語語言帶來什么就能迎刃而解了。即stability
同理，對于q7，根據(jù)獨(dú)特定位詞king回原文中鎖定到最后一段第一句 “…king george iii to offer him a pension”。 offer與題中的grant 同義，所以盡管語態(tài)的不一致，但是句義一致。 答案應(yīng)填offer 的賓語，即pension。
對于有的基礎(chǔ)差的考生，要求掌握通過邏輯關(guān)系詞去分析語義間的關(guān)系似乎是比較困難的一件事，因此定位詞可能是他們解答題目的機(jī)會(huì)。 再輔助一些必備的語法知識去進(jìn)行預(yù)測判斷，哪怕是不認(rèn)識的單詞或不理解的句子，有時(shí)候也能幫這些考生找到正確的答案。
二、單詞選擇式
對于單詞選擇式的填空題來說，考生需要從詞庫中選擇符合題目要求的詞，而題庫中有可能成為答案的詞有兩種情況：1)是文章中的原詞;2)是文章中原詞的替換詞。
第一種情況對考生來說更容易駕馭?？忌恍璋凑丈衔闹刑岬降慕忸}策略，回原文確定所應(yīng)填寫的詞，然后對應(yīng)詞庫中的詞得出選項(xiàng)。
第二種情況，考生可以先判斷詞庫中的詞為單一詞性或多種詞性，如果為單一詞性，考生根據(jù)閱讀理解文章原詞的詞義來尋找統(tǒng)一替換詞。
如果是多種詞性，首先對詞匯按照詞性分類，以便在確定空格內(nèi)應(yīng)填入的單詞的詞性后，在檢索時(shí)縮小范圍，提高做題準(zhǔn)確率。
根據(jù)觀察詞庫可以得出該詞庫為多種詞性的詞庫。所以首先對詞庫進(jìn)行大致的詞性分類：名詞(cost， technology，nutrition，education，medicine，pollution，health)， 動(dòng)詞( falling，increasing)， 形容詞(undernourished，disabled，constant， independent)， 形容詞的比較級(earlier，later，more)。 通過觀察q20 所填的詞性判斷，應(yīng)填一名詞。定位關(guān)鍵詞link，life expectancy，回到原文找到與之同義轉(zhuǎn)化的詞組correlation， live longer。 從鎖定的句子“one interesting correlation manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer?！敝械贸鰬?yīng)填寫的詞與better-educated people 相關(guān)，對應(yīng)詞庫中education 符合所填的信息。
三、總結(jié)
在解答雅思閱讀summary時(shí)，邏輯關(guān)系詞可以讓考生較快找到答案的大致位置， 定位詞可以有助于將大致方向縮小到一定范圍，而借助語法屬性的預(yù)測分析能具體確定答案。這三個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息是解答摘要題的支柱。當(dāng)然，在解題過程中也不能小覷同義轉(zhuǎn)化的作用。這些策略在解題中是相輔相成，互相補(bǔ)充。 因此，掌握這些策略對于考生較快又有效的解答摘要題是至關(guān)重要的。
影響雅思閱讀答題效率的原因
首先，當(dāng)然是詞匯。任何一篇內(nèi)容相對復(fù)雜的閱讀文章，都不可避免地出現(xiàn)大量生僻詞語或者是難度相對較大的單詞。從文章的選材而言，范圍是十分豐富的，主要來自世界各國主要的英文報(bào)刊雜志，內(nèi)容涉及任何一個(gè)國家的文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、自然和科技等。而ielts考試所考查的，是實(shí)際運(yùn)用語言的能力，所以在考試中真正需要理解的單詞，或是題目中真正考查到的單詞，往往是英語閱讀中的一些最核心的單詞。這些單詞雖然數(shù)量不多，難度不大，但卻是必須掌握的。就考試而言，掌握6000左右的常用詞匯，即大學(xué)六級大綱中所要求的詞匯是必須的。
第二，復(fù)雜的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。有些同學(xué)的詞匯量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了6000左右，但是依然感覺讀不懂文章，這就是因?yàn)槲恼轮谐涑庵罅拷Y(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難以把握的復(fù)雜句。如：the challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. 這是一個(gè)相對復(fù)雜的句子，主干是the challenge now is to develop policies and practices, 從based on到句子的結(jié)尾處是由過去分詞短語充當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z。后一個(gè)presumption后面有一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的從句，充當(dāng)presumption的同位語。在同位語的后面，有一個(gè)if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。一般而言，對同學(xué)們造成障礙的是并列句或并列復(fù)合句，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，所以在訓(xùn)練時(shí)可以精挑一個(gè)語段做仔細(xì)分析。建議大家最好在備考中將雅思閱讀題型分類，多了解一下雅思常識。
第三，題型多樣化。這個(gè)障礙使原本已經(jīng)擁有相當(dāng)英語語言實(shí)力的考生，在考試中因?yàn)槿狈︻}型的理解，或是被眾多題型干擾，不能正常發(fā)揮。一些必考題型如list of headings, summary, t/f/ng等，可以作為練習(xí)重點(diǎn)。如summary題是很多同學(xué)感到頭痛的題型，普遍感到非常難找。其實(shí)不然，只要記住兩大原則即可。原則一，順序原則。summary題的答案排列順序，必定與文章的行文順序一致。原則二，完整的summary，不僅應(yīng)該能夠體現(xiàn)文章本身所表達(dá)的思想含義，而且必須是符合語法規(guī)律的英語文章。所以根據(jù)語法也可以進(jìn)行判斷。
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇三
摘要是對一篇文章的主題思想的簡單陳述。它用最簡潔的語言概括了原文的主題。寫摘要主要包括三個(gè)步驟：（1）閱讀；（2）寫作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：閱讀
a．認(rèn)真閱讀給定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多讀兩遍。閱讀次數(shù)越多，你對原文的理解就越深刻。
b．給摘要起一個(gè)標(biāo)題。用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞、短語或短句子作為標(biāo)題。也可以采用文中的主題句作為標(biāo)題。主題句往往出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。一個(gè)好標(biāo)題有助于確定文章的中心思想。
c．現(xiàn)在，就該決定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。對重要部分的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括。
d．簡要地記下主要觀點(diǎn)——主題、標(biāo)題、細(xì)節(jié)等你認(rèn)為對概括摘要重要的東西。 第二步：動(dòng)手寫作
a. 摘要應(yīng)該只有原文的三分之一或四分之一長。因此首先數(shù)一下原文的字?jǐn)?shù)，然后除以三，得到一個(gè)數(shù)字。摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)可以少于這個(gè)數(shù)字，但是千萬不能超過這個(gè)數(shù)字。
b. 摘要應(yīng)全部用自己的話完成。不要引用原文的句子。
c. 應(yīng)該遵循原文的邏輯順序。這樣你就不必重新組織觀點(diǎn)、事實(shí)。
d. 摘要必須全面、清晰地表明原文所載的信息，以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
e. 寫摘要時(shí)可以采用下列幾種小技巧：
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇四
summary of bilateral wto agreement
《summary of bilateral wto agreement》
february 2,
agriculture
the agreement would eliminate barriers and increase access for . exports across a broad range of commodities. commitments include:
significant cuts in tariffs that will be completed by january . overall average for agricultural products will be percent and for . priority products 14 percent (down from 31 percent).
establishment of a tariff-rate quota system for imports of bulk commodities, ., wheat, corn, cotton, barley, and rice, that provides a share of the trq for private traders. specific rules on how the trq will operate and increased transparency in the process will help ensure that imports occur. significant and growing quota quantities subject to tariffs that average between 1-3 percent.
immediate elimination of the tariff-rate quota system for barley, peanut oil, sunflower-seed oil, cottonseed oil, and a phase-out for soybean oil.
the right to import and distribute products without going through a state-trading enterprise or middleman.
elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products.
china has also agreed to the elimination of sps barriers that are not based on scientific evidence.
industrial products
china would lower tariffs and eliminate broad systemic barriers to . exports, such as limits on who can import goods and distribute them in china, as well as barriers such as quotas and licenses on . products.
tariffs
tariffs cut from an average of percent to an average of percent overall and percent on . priority products.
china will participate in the information technology agreement (ita) and eliminate all tariffs on products such as computers, telecommunications equipment, semiconductors, computer equipment, and other high-technology products.
in the auto sector, china will cut tariffs from the current 80-100% level to 25% by mid-, with the largest cuts in the first years after accession.
auto parts tariffs will be cut to an average of 10% by mid-2006.
in the wood and paper sectors, tariffs will drop from present levels of 12?18% on wood and 15-25% on paper down to levels generally between 5% and .
china will also be implementing the vast majority of the chemical harmonization initiative. under that initiative, tariffs will be at 0, and percent for products in each category.
elimination of quotas and licenses
wto rules bar quotas and other quantitative restrictions. china has agreed to eliminate these restrictions with phase-ins limited to five years.
quotas: china will eliminate existing quotas upon accession for the top . priorities (. optic fiber cable). it will phase out remaining quotas, generally by , but no later than .
quotas will grow from current trade levels at a 15% annual rate in order to ensure that market access increases progressively.
auto quotas will be phased out by 2005. in the interim, the base-level quota will be $6 billion (the level prior to chinas auto industrial policy), and this will grow by 15% annually until elimination.
right to import and distribute
trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for . manufacturers and agricultural exporters. at present, china severely restricts trading rights (the right to import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. under the agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over three years. china will also open up sectors related to distribution services, such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air courier services.
services
china has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computer related services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications and financial services agreements.
grandfathering
china will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time of chinas accession for . services companies currently operating in china. this will protect existing american businesses operating under contractual or shareholder agreements or a license from new restrictions as china phases in their commitments.
distribution and related services
china generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they make in china, or from controlling their own distribution networks. under the agreement, china has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout china in three years. in addition, china has agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and repair, storage and warehousing , packaging, advertising, trucking and air express services, marketing, and customer support in three to four years.
telecommunications
china now prohibits foreign investment in telecommunications services. for the first time, china has agreed to permit direct investment in telecommunications businesses. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications agreement. specific commitments include:
regulatory principles ?- china has agreed to implement the pro?competitive regulatory principles embodied in the basic telecommunications agreement (including interconnection rights and independent regulatory authority) and will allow foreign suppliers to use any technology they choose to provide telecommunications services.
china will gradually phase out all geographic restrictions for paging and value-added services in two years, mobile voice and data services in five years, and domestic and international services in six years.
china will permit 50 percent foreign equity share for value-added and paging services two years after accession, 49 percent foreign equity share for mobile voice and data services five years after accession, and for domestic and international services six years after accession.
insurance
currently, only two . insurers have access to chinas market. under the agreement:
china agreed to award licenses solely on the basis of prudential criteria, with no economic-needs test or quantitative limits on the number of licenses issued.
china will progressively eliminate all geographic limitations within 3 years. internal branching will be permitted consistent with the elimination of these restrictions.
china will expand the scope of activities for foreign insurers to include group, health and pension lines of insurance, phased in over 5 years. foreign property and casualty firms will be able to insure large-scale commercial risks nationwide immediately upon accession.
china agreed to allow 50 percent ownership for life insurance. life insurers may also choose their own joint venture partners. for non-life, china will allow branching or 51 percent ownership on accession and wholly owned subsidiaries in 2 years. reinsurance is completely open upon accession (100 percent, no restrictions).
banking
currently foreign banks are not permitted to do local currency business with chinese clients (a few can engage in local currency business with their foreign clients). china imposes severe geographic restrictions on the establishment of foreign banks.
china has committed to full market access in five years for . banks.
foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with chinese enterprises starting 2 years after accession.
foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with chinese inspaniduals from 5 years after accession.
foreign banks will have the same rights (national treatment) as chinese banks within designated geographic areas.
both geographic and customer restrictions will be removed in five years.
non-bank financial companies can offer auto financing upon accession.
securities
china will permit minority foreign-owned joint ventures to engage in fund management on the same terms as chinese firms. by three years after accession, foreign ownership of these joint ventures will be allowed to rise to 49 percent. as the scope of business expands for chinese firms, foreign joint venture securities companies will enjoy the same expansion in scope of business. in addition, 33 percent foreign?owned joint ventures will be allowed to underwrite domestic equity issues and underwrite and trade in international equity and all corporate and government debt issues.
professional services
china has made strong commitments regarding professional services, including the areas of law, accounting, management consulting, tax consulting, architecture, engineering, urban planning, medical and dental services, and computer and related services. chinas commitments will lead to greater market access opportunities and increased certainty for american companies doing business in china.
>
motion pictures, videos, sound recordings
china will allow the 20 films to be imported on a revenue-sharing basis in each of the 3 years after accession. . firms can form joint ventures to distribute videos, software entertainment, and sound recordings and to own and operate cinemas.
protocol provisions
commitments in chinas wto protocol and working party report establish rights and obligations enforceable through wto dispute settlement procedures. we have agreed on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import surges, technology transfer requirements, and offsets, as well as practices of state?owned and state?invested enterprises. these rules are of special importance to . workers and business.
china has agreed to implement the trims agreement upon accession, eliminate and cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or other know-how, if they are in accordance with the wto agreements on protection of intellectual property rights and trade?related investment measures.
these provisions will also help protect american firms against forced technology transfers. china has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals, import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of any kind, including: local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in china.
antidumping and subsidies methodology
the agreed protocol provisions ensure that american firms and workers will have strong protection against unfair trade practices including dumping and subsidies. the . and china have agreed that we will be able to maintain our current antidumping methodology (treating china as a non-market economy) in future anti-dumping cases. this provision will remain in force for 15 years after chinas accession to the wto. moreover, when we apply our countervailing duty law to china we will be able to take the special characteristics of chinas economy into account when we identify and measure any subsidy benefit that may exist.
product-specific safeguard
the agreed provisions for the protocol package also ensure that american domestic firms and workers will have strong protection against rapid increases of imports.
to do this, the product-specific safeguard provision sets up a special mechanism to address increased imports that cause or threaten to cause market disruption to a . industry. this mechanism, which is in addition to other wto safeguards provisions, differs from traditional safeguard measures. it permits united states to address imports solely from china, rather than from the whole world, that are a significant cause of material injury through measures such as import restrictions. moreover, the united states will be able to apply restraints unilaterally based on legal standards that differ from those in the wto safeguards agreement. this could permit action in more cases. the product-specific safeguard will remain in force for 12 years after china accedes to the wto.
state-owned and state-invested enterprises
the protocol addresses important issues related to the chinese governments involvement in the economy. china has agreed that it will ensure that state-owned and state-invested enterprises will make purchases and sales based solely on commercial considerations, such as price, quality, availability and marketability, and that it will provide . firms with the opportunity to compete for sales and purchases on non-discriminatory terms and conditions.
china has also agreed that it will not influence these commercial decisions (either directly or indirectly) except in a wto consistent manner. with respect to applying wto rules to state-owned and state-invested enterprises, we have clarified in several ways that these firms are subject to wto disciplines:
purchases of goods or services by these state-owned and state-invested enterprises do not constitute “government procurement” and thus are subject to wto rules.
we have clarified the status of state-owned and state-invested enterprises under the wto agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures. this will help ensure that we can effectively apply our trade law to these enterprises when it is appropriate to do so.
textiles
chinas protocol package will include a provision drawn from our 1997 bilateral textiles agreement, which permits . companies and workers to respond to increased imports of textile and apparel products. this textile safeguard will remain in the effect until december 31, 2008, which is four years after the wto agreement on textile and clothing expires.
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇五
resume writing tips--sample summary of qualifications
sample title heading/profile statement
regional sales manager
known for delivering strong and sustainable revenue and profit gains in highly competitive markets. bring 15 years of solid experience and select strengths that encompasses sales territory management, key account development, staff training, team leadership, presentations, and closings.
(bold, italicize, or underline the title heading so it stands out.)
sample summary of qualifications
accomplished sales professional known for delivering strong and sustainable revenue and profit gains in highly competitive markets. seeking a regional sales manager position with a leading pharmaceutical company. select strengths encompass:
resume writing tips - common mistakes, dos & donts
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇六
summary of bilateral wto agreement(4)
protocol provisions
commitments in chinas wto protocol and working party report establish rights and obligations enforceable through wto dispute settlement procedures. we have agreed on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import surges, technology transfer requirements, and offsets, as well as practices of state?owned and state?invested enterprises. these rules are of special importance to . workers and business.
china has agreed to implement the trims agreement upon accession, eliminate and cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or other know-how, if they are in accordance with the wto agreements on protection of intellectual property rights and trade?related investment measures.
these provisions will also help protect american firms against forced technology transfers. china has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals, import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of any kind, including: local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in china.
antidumping and subsidies methodology
the agreed protocol provisions ensure that american firms and workers will have strong protection against unfair trade practices including dumping and subsidies. the . and china have agreed that we will be able to maintain our current antidumping methodology (treating china as a non-market economy) in future anti-dumping cases. this provision will remain in force for 15 years after chinas accession to the wto. moreover, when we apply our countervailing duty law to china we will be able to
[1]?[2]
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇七
summary of bilateral wto agreement(5)
the protocol addresses important issues related to the chinese governments involvement in the economy. china has agreed that it will ensure that state-owned and state-invested enterprises will make purchases and sales based solely on commercial considerations, such as price, quality, availability and marketability, and that it will provide . firms with the opportunity to compete for sales and purchases on non-discriminatory terms and conditions.
china has also agreed that it will not influence these commercial decisions (either directly or indirectly) except in a wto consistent manner. with respect to applying wto rules to state-owned and state-invested enterprises, we have clarified in several ways that these firms are subject to wto disciplines:
purchases of goods or services by these state-owned and state-invested enterprises do not constitute “government procurement” and thus are subject to wto rules.
we have clarified the status of state-owned and state-invested enterprises under the wto agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures. this will help ensure that we can effectively apply our trade law to these enterprises when it is appropriate to do so.
textiles
chinas protocol package will include a provision drawn from our bilateral textiles agreement, which permits . companies and workers to respond to increased imports of textile and apparel products. this textile safeguard will remain in the effect until december 31, , which is four years after the wto agreement on textile and clothing expires
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇八
雅思閱讀14類題型解題技巧--summary(摘要填空)
summary(摘要填空)
1. 題型要求：該類題目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的幾個(gè)段落主要內(nèi)容的縮寫或改寫，我們稱之為摘要。摘要中有幾個(gè)空白部分要求填空。
摘要可分為兩種：全文摘要和部分段落摘要。全文摘要信息來自全文，題目空格的數(shù)目較多。部分段落摘要信息來自原文某幾個(gè)連續(xù)的段落，題目空格的數(shù)目較少。
考試中出現(xiàn)的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息來自原文連續(xù)的兩到三段，題目空格的數(shù)量在5題左右。
對于部分段落摘要，有的在題目要求中會(huì)指出它來自原文的哪些段落，但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在題目要求中說它是原文的一個(gè)摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它來自原文的哪些段落。
按照填空內(nèi)容，摘要也可分為三種：
1. 原文原詞
2. 從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選詞
3. 自己寫詞。
原文原詞的題目要求中常有from the reading passage ?的字樣。從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選詞，選項(xiàng)的數(shù)目常常超過題目空格的數(shù)目。最近考試中，絕大部分是原文原詞或從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選詞，很少有自己寫詞的。
這類題在a類和g類考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率一般都是每兩次考一次，每次考一組，共五題左右。
2. 解題步驟
(1) 仔細(xì)讀摘要的第一句話，找出它在原文中的出處，通常是和原文某段話的第一句相對應(yīng)。如果題目要求中已經(jīng)指出了摘要的出處，則此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的詞，到原文中去找這些詞的對應(yīng)詞。
對應(yīng)詞的特點(diǎn)如下：
a. 原詞
b. 詞性變化;如空格前的詞為threatening, 是形容詞，原文中的詞為threat, 是名詞。
c. 語態(tài)變化;一個(gè)是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，一個(gè)是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
d. 同義詞;如空格前的詞為throw away，原文中的詞為discard(丟棄，拋棄，遺棄)，它們是同義詞。
(3) 仔細(xì)閱讀對應(yīng)所在的句子，確定正確答案。
(4) 注意語法，所填答案必須符合語法規(guī)定。
(5) 注意順序性，即題目的順序和原文的順序基本一致。
notice
1. 注意題目要求中是否有字?jǐn)?shù)限制。
若要求從原文選詞或自己寫詞，會(huì)有字?jǐn)?shù)要求，如use one or two words等，答案必須滿足這個(gè)要求。
2. 若從原文選詞，只能選原文中連續(xù)的幾個(gè)詞，不能改變它們的順序。
如原文為virgin fibre, 發(fā)生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文為 advances in the ?technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求從原文選詞，越是生詞，越可能是答案。
下列比較生僻的詞如sustainable(可持續(xù)的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(廢物，雜物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些題目的答案。
4. 從選項(xiàng)中選詞，要注意看題目要求是寫答案本身，還是寫選項(xiàng)前的代表字母。
選項(xiàng)前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考試中，選項(xiàng)前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 從選項(xiàng)中選詞，答案與原文的六大對應(yīng)關(guān)系。
(1) 原文原詞：與原文完全相同的詞或短語。
(2) 詞性變化：原文為necessary，是形容詞，選項(xiàng)為necessity，是名詞。
(3) 語態(tài)變化：原文為governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting ?schemes，是主動(dòng)語態(tài)。摘要中的句子為people have also been encouraged by government to collect ?their waste on a regular basis，是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
(4) 圖表：如果原文中有圖表，一般會(huì)有一題答案來自圖表。
(5) 同義詞：原文為tight，選項(xiàng)為restricted，是同義詞。
(6) 歸納：有時(shí)文中沒有直接提及，須從幾句話中歸納出答案。一般比較難，目前考試中，至少有一個(gè)空格是歸納出來的。
6.從選項(xiàng)中選詞，如果時(shí)間不夠，可以直接從選項(xiàng)中選擇，不看原文。
這時(shí)，要特別注意語法。這樣做的準(zhǔn)確性50%左右(視題目的難易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非時(shí)間不夠，否則不建議大家這樣做。
7. 如果要求自己寫詞，答案絕大部分是原文原詞，少部分是對原文原詞做的形式上的修改。
要求自己寫詞的機(jī)率很小，遇到過一次。在這一次的5個(gè)題目中有4個(gè)答案是原文原詞，剩下一個(gè)，原文原詞是de-inked，答案根據(jù)語法的需要改為de-ink。
雅思閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)真題解析--how to achieve happiness
you should spend about 20 minutes on question 1-13 which are based on ?reading passage below.
throughout the whole period of one’s lifetime, the achieving of happiness ?can be seen as our ultimate and everlasting goal. happiness is far more than a ?strong body, a magnificent villa or an around-the-world tour; it is something we ?need from our heart. however, we can investigate happiness through scientific ?methods.
when we are asked the question “where can we find happiness”, it is a ?puzzle difficult to answer accurately. we can find happiness right in our own ?home, in our workplace, in school, in the company of our friends, etc. it is up ?to us to find the ways and means to achieve that happiness each of us seek and ?long for. however, it is essential to recognize that there is no one absolute ?way to achieve happiness. people may have different ideas with regard to the ?ways of achieving happiness. the following five classifications are perceived by ?many people as sources of happiness: family and friends, wealth, position, ?educational achievement and fame.
to give it a comprehensive definition, happiness is a mental state of ?well-being characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from ?contentment to intense joy. a variety of biological, psychological, religious, ?and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its ?sources. various research groups, including positive psychology, endeavor to ?apply the scientific method to answer questions about what “happiness” is, and ?how we might attain it. while philosophers and religious thinkers often define ?happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as ?an emotion. happiness in this sense was used to translate the greek eudaimonia, ?and is still used in virtue ethics.
while the level of physical healthiness is the biggest determinant of ?happiness, comparison of financial success with others of the same age group is ?the second largest source of happiness and unhappiness. financially richer ?people tend to be happier than poorer people, according to sociological ?researcher glenn firebaugh of pennsylvania state university. their research is ?focused on whether the income effect on happiness results largely from the ?things money can buy (absolute income effect) or from comparing ones income to ?the income of others (relative income effect). they present their research in a ?session paper, tided “relative income and happiness: arc americans on a hedonk ?treadmill?” firebaugh argues that, in evaluating their own incomes, inspaniduals ?compare themselves to their peers of the same age. therefore, a persons reported ?level of happiness depends on how his or her income compares to others in the ?same age group. using comparison groups on the basis of age, the researchers ?find evidence of both relative and absolute effects, but relative income is more ?important than absolute income in determining the happiness of inspaniduals in ?the united states. this may result in a self-indulgent treadmill, because ?incomes in the united states rise over most of the adult lifespan. they always ?dissatisfy with the salary. for example, the survey indicates that the students ?studied in harvard university expect to earn much more money than their ?classmates rather than care about the exact amount of the salary.
we have long been aware that elements from various perspectives of we could ?contribute to realizing happiness. the minnesota study of twins reared apart ?(mistra) has recently conducted a research project, choosing 120 pairs of ?reared-apart twins as subjects to test their perception of happiness. in an ?early report of results it was found that, on most measurable psychological ?traits, the level of welfare between the twins in a set felt is varied instead ?of being the same or similar. thus environmental factors may not be the only ?factor that affects the feeling of happiness significantly. in another ?investigation, among persons of european ancestry, for psychological features ?that can be measured, heritability range from about 25 percent to 80 percent. ?or, to put it more concretely, from one-fourth to four-fifths of the variation ?from person to person in such features as iq, creativity and happiness, is ?associated with genetic differences between those persons. that indicates that ?genetic difference may also affect the happiness. furthermore, neurobiological ?evidence shows that left and right frontal lobes play different roles in the ?emotion (mc) (m). happiness is a type of emotion, a positive one. from the ?experiments, happiness and the left prefrontal lobe are combined together. the ?more active it is, the more positive emotion you sense.
at the outset of new millennium, a global research had a result that the ?people living in the modern world were even unhappier. with crises being on the ?rise these days, finding happiness can be a bit challenging. despite of all the ?stresses associated with life, we still do our best to be happy — because being ?happy is the only way to keep us afloat. happiness is considered a very ?important therapy, both physically and mentally. with it, we are inspired to ?accomplish whatever goals we want to achieve. its a strong drive that keeps us ?going and helps us live our life every single day.
there are many ways to be happy. spend time with inspaniduals who are dear ?to you. there is nothing more joyful than to be with the people you love. during ?the weekends, try to schedule a fun trip for you and your partner, or one for ?your whole family. just go somewhere else for a change and enjoy the change of ?scenery. do something nice for others. helping others is a very honorable way to ?find happiness. if your schedule is too tight for volunteer work, you can just ?donate a small sum of money or some old clothes or toys to charity. when you eat ?out, try to be a good tipper to the waiters or the valet who safely parked your ?car. all these simple things will not only make you happy, but other people as ?well. start and end your day with a smile. smiling is a very powerful gesture. ?theres no need for words to describe how pleasant it is. if you have a lousy ?day, smile your way out of the office. when people smile back at you, it will ?uplift your mood and make you feel better. spending some time with your friends. ?a close circle of friends is one of the most important sources of happiness.
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇九
《廣東教育·高中》20xx年第10期
廣州 李淵
一、考綱要求
1．概括的準(zhǔn)確性；
2．字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞；
3．不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。
二、難點(diǎn)分析
1．如何迅速、準(zhǔn)確地捕捉要點(diǎn)；
2．如何巧妙串連，將要點(diǎn)串成篇章；
3．如何靈活詮釋，避免抄襲的嫌疑。
三、解題思路
1．巧妙利用opinion，預(yù)測材料內(nèi)容
讀寫任務(wù)先讀后寫。那么“讀”的材料肯定是與要“寫”的材料話題是相同的，至少是相關(guān)的。因此，我們可以利用這一關(guān)系來進(jìn)行有效的預(yù)測。以下是兩個(gè)例子。
本例中的主題是“學(xué)校該不該分班”，那么，我們可以根據(jù)這個(gè)話題進(jìn)行如下預(yù)測：
(1）閱讀材料的論點(diǎn)是什么：該？不該？
(2）論據(jù)是什么：該的理由？不該的理由？
(3）如何論證：有無實(shí)例？如有，又是什么實(shí)例？
這樣，心中有了疑問，就好比大海航行有了指南針一樣，只要循著這一方向去找，一定能在最短的時(shí)間里到達(dá)大洋的彼岸－迅速捕捉要點(diǎn)。
此外，當(dāng)對話題的具體內(nèi)容感到迷惘時(shí)，我們還可以充分利用寫作內(nèi)容2）里的a) b) c)來幫助我們進(jìn)一步定向。如實(shí)例2。
本例中的主題是“改變世界還是改變自己”。那么我們可以分析這一主題：人什么時(shí)候需要做出這種選擇——改變世界還是改變自己？當(dāng)然是遇到困難或矛盾時(shí)。那么，主人公遇上了什么困難？最終是通過改變世界還是改變自己來解決難題的呢？
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇十
summary of bilateral wto agreement(2)
right to import and distribute
trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for . manufacturers and agricultural exporters. at present, china severely restricts trading rights (the right to import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. under the agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over three years. china will also open up sectors related to distribution services, such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air courier services.
services
china has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computer related services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications and financial services agreements.
grandfathering
china will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time of chinas accession for . services companies currently operating in china. this will protect existing american businesses operating under contractual or shareholder agreements or a license from new restrictions as china phases in their commitments.
distribution and related services
china generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they make in china, or from controlling their own distribution networks. under the agreement, china has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout china in three years. in addition, china has agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and repair, storage and warehousing , packaging, advertising, trucking and
[1]?[2]
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇十一
(1) 仔細(xì)讀摘要的第一句話，找出它在原文中的出處，通常是和原文某段話的第一句相對應(yīng)。如果題目要求中已經(jīng)指出了摘要的出處，則此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的詞，到原文中去找這些詞的對應(yīng)詞。
對應(yīng)詞的特點(diǎn)如下：
a. 原詞
b. 詞性變化;如空格前的詞為threatening, 是形容詞，原文中的詞為threat, 是名詞。
c. 語態(tài)變化;一個(gè)是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，一個(gè)是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
d. 同義詞;如空格前的詞為throw away，原文中的詞為discard(丟棄，拋棄，遺棄)，它們是同義詞。
(3) 仔細(xì)閱讀對應(yīng)所在的句子，確定正確答案。
(4) 注意語法，所填答案必須符合語法規(guī)定。
(5) 注意順序性，即題目的順序和原文的順序基本一致。
notice
1. 注意題目要求中是否有字?jǐn)?shù)限制。
若要求從原文選詞或自己寫詞，會(huì)有字?jǐn)?shù)要求，如use one or two words等，答案必須滿足這個(gè)要求。
2. 若從原文選詞，只能選原文中連續(xù)的幾個(gè)詞，不能改變它們的順序。
如原文為virgin fibre, 發(fā)生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文為 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求從原文選詞，越是生詞，越可能是答案。
下列比較生僻的詞如sustainable(可持續(xù)的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(廢物，雜物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些題目的答案。
4. 從選項(xiàng)中選詞，要注意看題目要求是寫答案本身，還是寫選項(xiàng)前的代表字母。
選項(xiàng)前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考試中，選項(xiàng)前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 從選項(xiàng)中選詞，答案與原文的六大對應(yīng)關(guān)系。
(1) 原文原詞：與原文完全相同的詞或短語。
(2) 詞性變化：原文為necessary，是形容詞，選項(xiàng)為necessity，是名詞。
(3) 語態(tài)變化：原文為governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主動(dòng)語態(tài)。摘要中的句子為people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
(4) 圖表：如果原文中有圖表，一般會(huì)有一題答案來自圖表。
(5) 同義詞：原文為tight，選項(xiàng)為restricted，是同義詞。
(6) 歸納：有時(shí)文中沒有直接提及，須從幾句話中歸納出答案。一般比較難，目前考試中，至少有一個(gè)空格是歸納出來的。
6.從選項(xiàng)中選詞，如果時(shí)間不夠，可以直接從選項(xiàng)中選擇，不看原文。
這時(shí)，要特別注意語法。這樣做的準(zhǔn)確性50%左右(視題目的難易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非時(shí)間不夠，否則不建議大家這樣做。
7. 如果要求自己寫詞，答案絕大部分是原文原詞，少部分是對原文原詞做的形式上的修改。
要求自己寫詞的機(jī)率很小，遇到過一次。在這一次的5個(gè)題目中有4個(gè)答案是原文原詞，剩下一個(gè)，原文原詞是de-inked，答案根據(jù)語法的需要改為de-ink。
雅思閱讀考前必看文章之教育心理類
雅思閱讀：coarse work
british universities, it appears, are considering abandoning a 200-year old system of degree classification in favour of the american gpa model. at present, students are bunched into grade clusters. the top 10-20% receive a “1st”, the majority receive a “” or “two-one” and the stragglers receive either a “two-two” or a “3rd”. the latter group can be very small (5%) at the elite universities but is larger nationally.
the main reasoning for this is that it is hard for employers to distinguish between graduates if everyone has a grade. but it is possible for employers to ask for a full transcript of inspanidual grades, though this is not nearly as common in britain as you might expect. the stronger point (which you might have already picked up on) is that the existing system can be difficult to interpret internationally. adopting the gpa system would be helpful to undergraduates wishing to study or work abroad.
i think this might be missing a trick. my experience of the 1st/ system is that it has a very strong effect on students work effort. for weaker students, either those of lower natural ability or the more workshy, fear of the notorious “desmond” (cockney rhyming slang after the eponymous archbishop) is the ultimate motivator. many attractive careers simply advertise the minimum requirement of a , and therefore getting the lower grade can be quite a handicap in the job market.
for stronger students, the aspiration of a first, the only true distinguisher in the system, is also a strong incentive. the risk is that working quite hard could leave you with only a high , largely indistinguishable from all other s. the crudeness of the grading system drags everyone up.
an interesting paper by pradeep dubey and john geanakoplos of the cowles foundation at yale univeristy makes the same point. they write:
suppose that the professor judges each students performance exactly, though the performance itself may depend on random factors, in addition to ability and effort. suppose also that the professor is motivated solely by a desire to induce his students to work hard. third and most importantly, suppose that the students care about their relative rank in the class, that is, about their status. we show that, in this scenario, coarse grading often motivates the student to work harder.
one might think that finer hierarchies generate more incentives. but this is often not the case. coarse hierarchies can paradoxically create more competition for status, and thus better incentives for work.
they give a simple example. suppose there are two students, brainy and dumbo, with disparate abilities. brainy achieves a uniformly higher score even when he shirks and dumbo works. suppose, for example, that dumbo scores between 40 and 50 if he shirks, and between 50 and 60 if he works, while brainy scores between 70 and 80 if he shirks and 80 and 90 if he works. with perfectly fine grading, brainy will come ahead of dumbo regardless of their effort levels. but since they only care about rank, both will shirk.
but, by assigning a grade a to scores above 85, b to scores between 50 and 85, and c to below 50, the professor can inspire dumbo to work, for then dumbo stands a chance to acquire the same status b as brainy, even when brainy is working. this in turn generates the competition which in fact spurs brainy to work, so that with luck he can distinguish himself from dumbo. he doesnt want to be mislabelled. with finer grading everyone gets their own label so this effect disappears.
the corollary to this in my example is that if the brainy student knows that even when slacking off he will still do measurably better than most students he may decide that he can still get a very good job with 70 to 80. there may be students who score 80 to 90 with superior credentials but academic performance is only part of the hiring criteria. if he can signal himself as a brainy student he might think this is enough.
however, critical to all this is that all exams are taken together, as they are at oxford or cambridge universities, usually at the end of the degree in a consecutive-day marathon. the trend in other british universities has been to examine various courses throughout the degree. the result is that those in the middle of the ability range can work very hard at the beginning, bank a and then slack off in the remaining years. it is partly for this reason that those universities pushing hardest for the changes have exams split across years. oxford and cambridge are less keen.
雅思閱讀考前必看文章之教育心理類
雅思閱讀：game lessons
it sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games
since the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as “chalk and talk”. chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.
abandoning it, though, is what katie salen hopes to do. ms salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at parsons the new school for design, in new york. she is also the moving spirit behind quest to learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double french but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.
quest to learn draws on many roots. one is the research of james gee of the university of wisconsin. in dr gee published a book called “what video games have to teach us about learning and literacy”, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. another is the macarthur foundations digital media and learning initiative, which began in and which has acted as a test-bed for some of ms salens ideas about educational-games design. a third is the success of the bank street school for children, an independent primary school in new york that practises what its parent, the nearby bank street college of education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.
ms salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise bank streets methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.
periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. quest to learns school day will, rather, be spanided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of “domains”. such domains include codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and english), being, space and place (english and social studies), the way things work (maths and science) and sports for the mind (game design and digital literacy). each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a “boss level”—a common phrase in video-game parlance.
freeing the helots
in one of the units of being, space and place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient spartan who has to assess athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. in doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. in a unit of the way things work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. this lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. another way-things-work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient egypt. this means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the countrys religion and geography.
whether things will work the way ms salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. the school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until . if it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. if it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. and it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.
高級英語summary 英語summary生成器篇十二
雅思閱讀技巧盤點(diǎn)之：多快好省做對summary
一、無選項(xiàng)雅思閱讀summary的特征
1、主要針對文章的某一段或某幾段的主要內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括或改寫，上下句之間有一定的聯(lián)系。
2、每個(gè)空格的間隔時(shí)近時(shí)遠(yuǎn)，例如劍7 t1 p1的summary就定位在d段一段中，而劍5 t1 p1的則分散在四個(gè)段落中，由此可見定位準(zhǔn)確是解題的關(guān)鍵步驟。但考生們不用著急，一般summary的定位還是比較容易的，且大部分是涉及到原文的兩三段。即使某道題比較難找到，也可以先做summary的其他題，切勿因小失大。
3、一般是順序原則，較少亂序。
4、填的答案多是原文原詞，很少需要改變語態(tài)和詞性，相對簡單。
二、雅思閱讀summary的解題步驟
1、閱讀文章的大標(biāo)題和小標(biāo)題。其實(shí)拿到一篇文章，不論有哪些題型，第一步都要閱讀文章的大標(biāo)題和小標(biāo)題，大致掌握文章主題和推測文章的寫作思路和結(jié)構(gòu)。
2、仔細(xì)審題。 (1)注意字?jǐn)?shù)限制(choose no more than two words from the passage for each answer. )，一般有只能填一個(gè)、不超過兩個(gè)和不超過三個(gè)單詞。(2)有時(shí)題目會(huì)明確告知summary在原文中的起始段落。
3、根據(jù)summary的小標(biāo)題或者首句，回原文確定起始位置。
4、劃出第一題的定位詞和關(guān)鍵詞(指緊挨著空格的并且肯定會(huì)被同義替換的單詞)。
5、通過關(guān)鍵詞及空格前后的邏輯關(guān)系來推測所填詞的語法特征。(1)?？荚~性有名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞和副詞，但主要以“名詞和形容詞”為主，在劍橋真題5-9中的summary共63個(gè)，名詞58個(gè)占92%，形容詞5個(gè)占8%。(2)如果所填詞是名詞，還可以進(jìn)一步去預(yù)測是人還是物，單復(fù)數(shù)，有時(shí)甚至能推測出是具體物還是抽象物，但還是要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定，不要為了預(yù)測而硬預(yù)測。
6、回到原文，通過略讀定位到題目位置。
7、精讀定位詞所在的句子，一定要讀完整。
8、對應(yīng)關(guān)鍵詞和邏輯關(guān)系后，通過語法來確定答案。
9、繼續(xù)下一題。
二、雅思閱讀summary解題小貼士
1、一定要注意字?jǐn)?shù)限制。有不少考生會(huì)因?yàn)槌醮慰荚嚲o張而忘記審題，同樣的問題在判斷題的true和yes中也有體現(xiàn)。
2、如果在題目或者原文中看到this，that，those，these，it等指代詞，一定要把指代詞的內(nèi)容搞清楚，因?yàn)橹复~往往是考點(diǎn)，或者通過指代詞所指內(nèi)容能提示解題。
3、如果定位詞所在句子找不到關(guān)鍵詞的同義替換或邏輯關(guān)系，一般可以往下看一句，最多往下看兩句。
4、因?yàn)槭琼樞虺鲱}，所以實(shí)在是有定位不到的題要學(xué)會(huì)放棄，先做下一題，然后在上下兩題的定位之間再尋找一次。
總而言之，無選項(xiàng)summary是考生必須要得到分?jǐn)?shù)的題型。解題步驟大致為了解文章主題，審題，圈劃定位詞和關(guān)鍵詞，預(yù)測語法特征，回原文精讀。除了熟練掌握做題步驟和技巧之外，基礎(chǔ)語法和同義替換也是加快做題速度，提高正確率的利劍。每次做完題都要認(rèn)真分析錯(cuò)誤原因，是定位不準(zhǔn)確，同義替換沒背出還是句意或邏輯關(guān)系理解錯(cuò)誤，并積累每道題目(不論對錯(cuò))和題目對應(yīng)原文句子的生詞和同義替換?？忌荒芴^沉迷于技巧，畢竟扎實(shí)的基本功和踏實(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度才是通過雅思，成功打開國外理想大學(xué)大門的鑰匙。
雅思閱讀小范圍預(yù)測
文章題目 aquaculture in new zealand
重復(fù)年份 20160114 20151031 20121124 20110212
題材 農(nóng)業(yè)
題型 小標(biāo)題 7+人名理論配對 3+句子填空 3
文章大意 新西蘭水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖，介紹了新西蘭一種新型保護(hù)海底動(dòng)物多樣性兼顧商業(yè)運(yùn)作
的方式一 aquaculture , 其發(fā)展遇到的問題及前景。
部分參考答案：
小標(biāo)題
14. vi (一個(gè)受益的村莊)
15. vii (company’s profit)
16. 選含 limitation 的那項(xiàng)
17. 選含 concerns to environment 的那項(xiàng)
18. 選含 alternative explanation 的那項(xiàng)
19. 選含 research 的那項(xiàng)
20. 選含 science and business 的那項(xiàng)
填空題
24. polyculture/aquaculture
25. commercial partner
26. market value/high price
文章題目 expert in musician
重復(fù)年份 20160130 20140517
題材 人文社科
題型 選擇 4+判斷 6+填空 4
文章大意
天賦是遺傳先天的還是靠練習(xí)，主要以音樂為例。討論堅(jiān)持不懈對成功的作用和他們的關(guān)系。首先探討了毅力是否是成功的必要條件，并闡述了眾多學(xué)家就此提出的各類觀點(diǎn)。在論證天才是不是也需要堅(jiān)持不懈時(shí)，舉例了莫扎特一個(gè)人堅(jiān)持找工作的過程。最后證明了堅(jiān)持不懈和成功的關(guān)系密切。
文章題目 the meaning of history study
重復(fù)年份 20151114a 20140920 20111210
題材 人文社科
題型 配對 9+填空 4
文章大意 本文講了歷史研究的意義。列舉了名人對于學(xué)習(xí)歷史的觀點(diǎn)。歷史學(xué)家和教育家都認(rèn)為歷史不僅具有學(xué)術(shù)研究的意義，更有助于其他領(lǐng)域。
雅思閱讀模擬題：search begins for earth
search begins for earth beyond solar system
staff and agencies
wednesday december 27, 2006
guardian unlimited
1. a european spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another “earth” among the stars.
2. the corot space telescope blasted off aboard a russian soyuz rocket from the baikonur cosmodrome in kazakhstan shortly after .
3. corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find “any little green men”.
4. developed by the french space agency, cnes, and partnered by the european space agency (esa), austria, belgium, germany, brazil and spain, corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the earth. over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.
5. “at the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. we are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. we are not going to find any little green men,” professor ian roxburgh, an esa scientist who has been involved with corot since its inception, told the bbc radio 4 today programme.
6. prof roxburgh said it was hoped corot would find “rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water”.
7. to search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a “transit”. although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.
8. measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. it is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the earth - which will cause the most excitement. scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.
9. corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called “asteroseismology”.
10. the nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a stars precise mass, age and chemical composition.
11. “a planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. small oscillations of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally. this data will provide a major boost to our understanding of how stars form and evolve,” prof roxburgh said.
12. since the discovery in 1995 of the first “exoplanet” - a planet orbiting a star other than the sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.
13. until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the “wobble” their gravity imparts on parent stars. but only giant gaseous planets bigger than jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.
14. in the 2010s, esa plans to launch darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.
15. at around the same time, the us space agency, nasa, will launch terrestrial planet finder, another space telescope designed to locate earth-like planets.
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