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▲高考英語語法必考知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個句子成分,如分詞短語,不定式動詞短語等,找不到被修飾的主語或被修飾的對象不合邏輯,一般叫做“垂懸分詞”,在語法書上叫做“獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。另外,值得注意的是“垂懸分詞”是沒有錯的,要和錯誤的句法“懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)”區(qū)別開來。“懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)”是錯誤的句法,應(yīng)該避免。
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語應(yīng)該與句子的主語一致,但有時現(xiàn)在分詞的主語與其所在句中的主語并不一致,這種現(xiàn)在分詞即所謂的垂懸現(xiàn)在分詞。垂懸現(xiàn)在分詞容易使句意模糊,甚至造成歧義,因而通常被認為是不合規(guī)范或錯誤的用法。
Searching along the deck,it had taken him some time to find a doctor.
他沿著甲板找了好久才找到一名醫(yī)生。(searching的邏輯主語是句中的him)
Walking or sleeping,this subject was always in my mind.
不論是走路或睡覺,我總是在想著這個問題。
(walking or sleeping的邏輯主語是句中的my)
Traveling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果讓學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.聽到這個消息,他們非常激動。
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞作表語時,相當(dāng)于形容詞,不可與構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來。它們的形式是一樣但可以從意義上予以區(qū)別。試比較:
The film is moving.這電影很感人。(表語,說明主語的性質(zhì))
They are moving next Sunday .他們下個周日搬家。(現(xiàn)在進行時,表示動作)
The bookstore is now closed.書店現(xiàn) 在已關(guān)門了。(表語,說明主語所處的狀態(tài))
The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p.m.書店通常在晚上7:30關(guān)門。(被動語態(tài),表示動作)
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
結(jié)構(gòu)
1.形容詞性物主代詞+doing
Her coming to help encouraged all of us.
2.名詞所有格+doing
Jane's being so careless caused so much trouble.
3.人稱代詞的賓格+doing
Would you mind my/me using your call phone
4.名詞+doing
She insisted on her son/her son's going to college.
注意:現(xiàn)在分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,只能用1\2兩種形式;作賓語或表語時,四種形式都可以用。
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
下面是三種常見的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法:
⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語,如:
① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(present participial phrase)修飾主語“several boars”是錯的;改正方法有二:
(a)確定是邏輯主語,使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語擴大為副詞分句(也稱狀語從句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
⒉垂懸副詞短語,如:
② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
這句的副詞短語(adverb phrase)和主語“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢真正的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對。改正方法和例①同:
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
⒊垂懸不定式動詞短語,如:
③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
這兩個句子的不定式動詞短語(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主語必須是“ 人”,如:
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
上述三類垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一類發(fā)生的頻率最高,必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下,分詞短語是對的,它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu):
第一,獨立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction,見3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語有自己的主語,所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
① Such being the case, we can go home now./...it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二,當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時,它不需要邏輯主語,所以沒有垂懸問題存在。例如:
② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三,當(dāng)分詞短語是用來表示說話者的態(tài)度或意見時,也不需要邏輯主語,因此也不存在著垂懸問題。例如:
④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:"To"-不定式
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:動詞不定式的完成進行式
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:動詞不定式的完成式
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